1. Introduction to Genetics

2. It all started here

3. The Beginnings of genetics
Questions:
Who is the father of genetics?
What is genetics?
Genetics - is the study of heredity
or the study of passing of traits from parent to offspring
* The father was Gregor Mendel
HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history impact health

4. What was known? Questions:
Explain the types of chromosomes and their importance.
What is the importance of meiosis?
Why is fertilization important?
Chromosomes determine everything about living things
Come in pairs
During meiosis they segregate to make a gamete (egg or sperm)
Fertilization - pairs the chromosomes again
The 2 types are autosomes and sex chromosomes
SC.912.L Describe how mutations and genetic recombination increases genetic variations.
SC.912.L Compare mitosis and meiosis and relate to the process of sexual and asexual reproduction and
their consequences for genetic variations.
HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history impact health

5. When fertilization occurs …
Each parent gives one of each pair of chromosomes

6. Importance of segregation
Questions:
What is segregation and why is it so important?
Without segregation an offspring will not get the correct number of chromosomes – resulting in mutations or death
Too many is called polyploidy
Example: Down syndrome - extra 21st chromosome
SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance
SC.912.L Describe how mutations and genetic recombination increases genetic variations.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.
HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history impact health

7. Extra 21

8. Extra 13

9. Mendel’s Discoveries Questions: On chromosome are genes
What is the difference between a gene and allele?
What 2 forms can alleles take?
On chromosome are genes
They determine a specific trait
Gene have different forms called alleles
Dominant alleles - strong (shown with a capital letter)
Recessive alleles - weaker (shown with a lower case letter)
SC.912.L.16.2 Discuss observed inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritance, including
dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.
HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history impact health

10. Importance of alleles Questions:
What is the difference between the genotype and phenotype?
Typically there are 2 alleles that represent each trait
This two letter combination is called the genotype
TT or Tt or tt
We use the genotype to determine what it looks like – called the phenotype
SC.912.L.16.2 Discuss observed inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritance, including
dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.

11. Determining what the trait looks like
Questions:
What is the difference between a dominant and recessive trait?
Dominant traits - are always seen
RR and Rr both will show the dominant trait
Recessive traits – only seen if there are no dominants present
rr will show the recessive trait
SC.912.L.16.2 Discuss observed inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritance, including
dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.
HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history impact health

12. Determining what the trait looks like
Codominance - both traits are seen
Example: multicolored shells or cats
SC.912.L.16.2 Discuss observed inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritance, including
dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.

13. Determining what the trait looks like
Questions:
What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?
Incomplete dominance – none are dominant so they mix
Example: red flower plus white flower = pink flower
SC.912.L.16.2 Discuss observed inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritance, including
dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.

14. Determining what the trait looks like
Multiple alleles – when there are more than 2 alleles that control the trait
But still only 2 letters in the genotype
Blood type has A B and O
A blood type: XAXA or XAXO
B blood type: XBXB or XBXO
AB blood type: XAXB
O blood type: XOXO
Questions:
Explain what multiple alleles means and explain an example.
SC.912.L.16.2 Discuss observed inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritance, including
dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.
HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history impact health

15. Determining what the trait looks like
Polygenic traits – have more than 2 genes for a trait that all effect the outcome
The genotype has more than 2 letters (AAbbCc)
Example - skin color, hair color, height
Questions:
What is a polygenic trait and why does it allow for so much diversity?
SC.912.L.16.2 Discuss observed inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritance, including
dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.

16. Determining the possibilities
Questions:
What is probability and how is it used in determining the possible genetic outcomes?
Probability – is the likelihood an event will occur
In genetics the Punnett square is diagram used to determine the genetic probability of an offspring
It tells you what the parents have, what the children could have, but it never tells you the actual outcome
SC.912.L Describe how mutations and genetic recombination increase genetic variation.

17. Using the Punnett Square
Questions:
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
Why do you need to know the parent genotypes first?
First - determine the genotypes both parents
Homozygous dominant - both letters are capital
Homozygous recessive - both letters are lower case
Heterozygous - one letter is capital and the other is lower case
SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.

18. Step 2: Fill in the square
If B=brown eyes and b=blue eyes
Cross a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive individual
B B Bb Bb b Bb Bb
SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.

19. Interpreting the Punnett Square
Questions:
How do you find ratios and percentages for the Punnett square?
Ratios
Go from most dominant to most recessive
Include genotypic ratios
Include phenotypic ratios
SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.

20. What if we look at more than one trait?
Follow the Principle of independent assortment – says that genes for different traits segregate independently
In other words – each parent will give one of each letter to the offspring
Example: RrYy
Possibilities alleles passed are
RY Ry rY ry
Questions:
What does the principle of independent assortment state?
Why is this idea important?
SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.
SC.912.L Describe how mutations and genetic recombination increases genetic variations.

21. Genetic disorders Dominant disorders – on the dominant genes
All it takes is one bad gene and you have it
Example: Achondroplasion - dwarfism
Questions:
What is a dominant disorder and why is it so dangerous?
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.
SC.912.L Describe how mutations and genetic recombination increases genetic variations.
HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history impact health

22. Dwarfism

23. Primordial Dwarfism

24. Genetic disorders Recessive disorders – are on the recessive alleles
If you have 2 recessive you have it
If you have 1 you are a carrier
Example:
Cystic Fibrosis – mucus in lungs
Albinism – no melanin
Questions:
What are recessive disorders?
Why is being a carrier still dangerous?
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.
SC.912.L Describe how mutations and genetic recombination increases genetic variations.
HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history impact health

25. Albinism

26. Genetic disorders Sex linked disorders – on the X and Y chromosomes
If it is on the X
Females – both parent must give it
Males – only mom gives it
If it is on the y
Females – don’t get because no y
Males – if dad has it all sons have it
Examples on X:
Baldness – loosing hair
Hemophilia – blood can’t clot properly
Questions:
Why is it more dangerous for boys than girls when it comes to sex linked disorders?
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.
SC.912.L Describe how mutations and genetic recombination increases genetic variations.
HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history impact health

27. Baldness

28. Color Blindness

29. Genes affected by the environment
Questions:
How can environmental factors affect characteristics?
Characteristics can be affected by the environment
Examples:
Nutrition affects height
Scholastic verses non-scholastic home affect intelligence
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.

30. Why organisms naturally different
Questions:
Explain organisms naturally differ?
Crossing over
Independendant assortment
Mutations
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.
SC.912.L Describe how mutations and genetic recombination increases genetic variations.
HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history impact health

31. How humans cause variations?
Mutations – environmental or chemical
Hybridization – crossing 2 dissimilar organisms
Selective breeding – crossing 2 of same species
Inbreeding – crossing organisms in the same family tree
Genetic engineering - the process of man reading, editing, and reinserting pieces of DNA
Questions:
Explain how man has caused genetic difference in organisms.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health
from the perspectives of both the individual and public health.
SC.912.L Describe how mutations and genetic recombination increases genetic variations.
SC.912.L Evaluate the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society, and the environment, including
medical and ethical issues.

32. 1. Extract DNA
2. Read the Sequence
3. Cutting the DNA
4. Separating DNA – using electrophoresis
5. Pasting – using enzymes
6. Making Copies

33. Cell Transformation in Bacteria
Cell transformation - process of taking DNA from one cell into another cell
They use bacteria
Foreign DNA is joined to a circular DNA called a plasmid
Plasmid is mixed with bacteria
Treated with anti-bacteria to kill all cell except those with the new gene
Questions:
Explain how man has caused genetic difference in organisms.
SC.912.L Describe how mutations and genetic recombination increases genetic variations.
SC.912.L Evaluate the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society, and the environment, including
medical and ethical issues.

34. Using Bacteria For Genetic Engineering