1. GATS Turin, October, 2007 ITUC-Geneva Office

2. GATS WTO principles GATS agreement Four modes Commitments Rules Mode 4 Trade union concerns State of play Possible action

3. WTO principles MFN Most Favoured Nation (MFN) In general, any agreement or deal that gives rights to one WTO member state must be given to all other member states A country cannot discriminate amongst WTO member states If a multinational enterprise (MNE) from one country enjoys trade privileges, all other MNEs in other countries in that same business must be treated the same

4. WTO principles NT National Treatment In general, if your country has committed itself to some trade liberalisation, it must, in that area, treat foreign suppliers/investors from other WTO member states ‘no less favourably than domestic suppliers/investors are treated’. That does not mean ‘equal treatment for all’: you can treat foreign MNEs better than the way you treat your domestic firms - as in export processing zones

5. WTO principles Dispute panels Country A (and B, C, ….) can complain that country X is breaching its obligations under one or more WTO agreements If Country X disagrees, the WTO can set up a mutually agreed (or imposed) panel – a ‘jury’ The panel hears evidence from all formal parties (and may allow external party evidence) The panel decision may tell Country X to change its behaviour (if ‘guilty’) or face punitive financial action from the complainants until it complies An Appellate Body can rule on disputed verdicts

6. GATS agreement GATS Agreement - Set of multilateral rules on trade in services - Negotiated in the Uruguay Round - Agreement contains general obligations and disciplines - Measures affecting trade in services taken at all government levels - Agreement contains countries’ commitments for access to their services markets - And agreement contains annexes with rules for specific sectors such as financial services

7. Services sectors Business services (including professional services and computer services) Communication services Construction and related engineering services Distribution services Educational services Environmental services Financial services (including insurance and banking) Health-related and social services Tourism and travel-related services Recreational, cultural and sporting services Transport services Other services not included elsewhere

8. Mandate Request offer process 70 initial offers (2003, including Philippines) 30 revised offers (2005) Rules negotiations

9. Four Modes of Supply Buying a service across a border, such as telemedicine diagnostics: Mode 1 Going to another country to buy a service, such as going abroad for cheaper health services: Mode 2 Establishing a commercial presence abroad to provide services, such as opening a clinic: Mode 3 A service worker moving abroad on a temporary basis to provide a contracted service, such as an engineer whose firm has won a contract to build a bridge: Mode 4

10. MFN in GATS In the context of the GATS, the MFN obligation (Article II) is applicable to any measure that affects trade in services in any sector falling under the Agreement, whether specific commitments have been made or not. Exemptions could have been sought at the time of the acceptance of the Agreement (for acceding countries: date of accession). They are contained in country- specific lists, and their duration must not exceed ten years in principle.

11. Market Access and GATS The market access provisions of GATS, laid down in Article XVI, cover six types of restrictions that must not be maintained in the absence of limitations. The restrictions relate to the number of service suppliers the value of service transactions or assets the number of operations or quantity of output the number of natural persons supplying a service the type of legal entity or joint venture the participation of foreign capital These measures, except for (e) and (f), are not necessarily discriminatory, i.e. they may affect national as well as foreign services or service suppliers.

12. National Treatment National treatment (Article XVII) implies the absence of all discriminatory measures that may modify the conditions of competition to the detriment of foreign services or service suppliers. Again, limitations may be listed to provide cover for inconsistent measures, such as discriminatory subsidies and tax measures, residency requirements, etc. It is for the individual Member to ensure that all potentially relevant measures are listed; The national treatment obligation applies regardless of whether or not foreign services and suppliers are treated in a formally identical way to their national counterpart. What matters is that they are granted equal opportunities to compete.

13. Schedule of Commitments All commitments on services liberalization are put in a schedule The schedule is divided into two parts. While Part I lists “horizontal commitments”, i.e. entries that apply across all sectors that have been scheduled, Part II sets out commitments on a sector-by-sector basis. Such are commitments on market access and national treatment, and possible additional commitments.

14. Application to individual sectors Three possible Scenarios: I.Not covered: Governmental services and large segments of air traffic services II.Covered but no access commitments Main consequence: Most-favoured-Nation Treatment III.Covered + access commitments undertaken “Specific Commitments”: Market Access & National Treatment

15. GATS and Public services Public service ‘protections’ Article I 3 of the GATS is claimed to protect public services. In fact, it protects ‘services provided under government authority’ provided that they are neither ‘provided on a commercial basis’ nor ‘in competition with another service provider’. No defintions or case law exists for these two conditions. Many public services are provided on some kind of fee/payment basis. Is that ‘commercial’? Many public services have private sector alternatives. Are these ‘in competition’? There is no clear answer to these two questions. Does the GATS protect public services?

16. Schedules of commitments Schedules specify the extent of liberalization a Member guarantees in designated sectors. General layout: Sector; limitations on market access; limitations on national treatment; additional commitments

17. Levels of commitment Options: Full – No limitations (“none”) Partial – Specified limitations apply (e.g. “foreign equity participation limited to 49%”) Unbound – Fully policy discretion (“unbound”)

18. Specific commitments Selection of sectors Inscription of limitations, by mode and by Market Access/National Treatment (i) Less than status quo (ii) Status quo (iii) More liberal - With immediate effect - Pre-commitment

19. Current pattern of commitments

20. Sector pattern of commitments (Number of Members, March 2005, source: WTO)

21. Modal pattern of commitments (Number of MA commitments in selected sectors, per cent, July 2000, Source: WTO)

22. Sectoral pattern of offers (Number of offers with commitments per sector), source: WTO

23. Characteristics of Offers

24. Sub-sectors committed: Before and after offers (all Members), source: WTO Qualifications: - LDCs are not expected to undertake new commitments - Does not reflect economic importance of individual sectors or ‘quality’ of commitments

25. Rules: Domestic Regulation Governments can continue to pass regulations in areas where they have made a GATS commitment. But in such cases or in any area affecting MFN, governments can be challenged if their regulations on licences, qualifications and technical standards are deemed ‘more burdensome than is neccessary to trade’. Again, no definition but it means that a regulation, law, policy or ‘any other measure’, democratically passed by a national or local government can effectively be overturned by a WTO disputes panel.

26. Domestic Regulation Negotiations on DR are still ongoing Chairman’s text has been proposed Main issues are transparency in regulations and prior consultation, and necessity test Current language on necessity test is better, but there is still a modified necessity test: regulatory requirements have to be relevant to the service supplied and regulations have to be based on objective criteria

27. Rules Other rules and issues With regard to subsidies and a definition of a subsidy With regard to rules governing public procurement (not on procurement policies and commitments per say) With regard to the establishment of an emergency safeguard mechanism (ESM).

28. Mode 4 Natural persons can be service suppliers of a member that supply a service in another member, self employed. Or a natural person who is sent abroad by his company to supply a service, OR a company setting up a subsidiary and employing the natural person there.

29. Mode 4 cont’d The GATS does not cover natural persons seeking access to the employment market. It is not clear however how it can be ensured that people leave after their contract finishes. Governments are free to regulate entry and temporary stay, provided these measures do not nullify or impair the commitments.

30. Mode 4 contn’d The GATS does not cover measures regarding citizenship, residence or employment on a permanent basis. However, there is no definition of temporary, and even 5 years is quite long. Also, some DCs would like to ensure that temporary contracts can be renewed.

31. Few mode 4 commitments Politically sensitive. There are political and regulatory concerns resulting in less commitments. There are also ENTs, Economic Needs tests, many commitments contain these. Also quotas and pre- employment requirements. 50 countries have scheduled conditions related to domestic wage legislation, working hours and social security. 22 countries have reserved the right to suspend commitments in the case of a labour dispute (mainly with regard to intra corporate transferees) commitments made in mode 4 especially for higher skilled service suppliers (business visitors, intra corporate transferees etc.)

32. Barriers - structure and coverage of existing commitments - Economic Needs Test (ENT) - definitional problems - administrative practices, transparency and access to information - recognition of qualifications.

33. Concerns with mode 4 Collective agreements, minimum wages and safety measures might even be challenged under GATS as they could be interpreted as unnecessary barriers to trade in services. Developing countries (India) have already argued for the removal of the EU offer condition that work and pay standards of the host country should be complied with. some rules, which were established to regulate the market (for example on opening hours in supermarkets) can be considered illegal under GATS once a commitment is made.

34. Concerns with mode 4 Services can be broadly interpreted and agriculture work could be easily renamed as agricultural services Once commitments have been made a country cannot change them. In theory they can withdraw a commitment after three years but then they have to negotiate with the benefiting countries and offer them compensation GATS mode 4 is a business driven agenda. Companies want free movement of personnel, bring them where they need them, no barriers, and no protection

35. Multilateral framework on migration should promote managed migration (including bilateral and multilateral agreements), look at labour market needs and demographic trends, licensing and supervision of recruitment and contracting agencies, promote decent work for migrants and awareness of migrants rights, non-discrimination and covered by national laws and social regulations, portability of social security entitlements, etc. It should focus on the protection of migrant workers, but it should also provide receiving countries with the right to regulate.

36. Right to regulate US-gambling case shows that the GATS prohibits government measures if market access is committed whether they are discriminatory or not. Local governments who are responsible for many services regulations will be affected and restricted in their regulatory capacity. If a country makes commitments in a sector or subsector, for full market access (no restrictions) then even regulations that are not mentioned in the GATS but that do restrict MA can be prohibited, regulations such as prohibition of billboard advertising, pesticide spraying, casino gambling and garbage incineration that restrict the market access can be ruled illegitimate by a dispute panel.

37. TRADE UNION CONCERNS So, what are the problems from a union perspective? – GATS has no social objectives, it’s only about business interests – Competition in services will be for profit – Profit can prevent access, equity and quality of service – Multinational companies will be the big winners – Governments may no longer control the provision of key public or other strategic services such as health, education, water, social security, postal services, financial services…. – For-profit providers will be operating in all these sectors, sometimes exclusively

38. TRADE UNION CONCERNS – GATS doesn’t allow ‘unnecessary’ barriers to trade – Barriers too ‘burdensome to trade’ include legislation to protect the environment, foreign ownership limits, labour and affirmative action laws, consumer protection, licensing standards… – All foreign providers have to be treated at least as well as domestic providers, including in access to subsidies – A panel of trade experts in Geneva decides what is a barrier and what is ‘less burdensome to trade than is necessary’

39. TRADE UNION CONCERNS – The GATS process in negotiating services commitments is secret – Governments can offer to commit services under these rules without parliamentary discussion – Regional/Provincial/State and municipal tiers of government have no say, but their services are included – GATS over-rides national laws that are “barriers” to trade if a service is covered by these rules – Commitments are irreversible

40. State of play Plurilateral negotiations decided in Hong Kong 2 rounds of plurilaterals took place in 2006 based on 22 collective requests Some were positive others not Suspension before revised offers in july 2006 Resumption in february 2007

41. State of play NAMA and Agriculture revised modalities in October/November Also some language on services Possible benchmarking might come up again Improved offers will be asked for Text on Domestic Regulation Regional distribution uneven (developed, LA and some Asia) Countries wait with these for Ag and NAMA first to be decided

42. Possible areas of action Analyze your country’s offer Get information on the possible revised offer Identify which sectors and subsectors should not be committed or which restrictions should be put in place when committing them. Identify sectors and subsectors that were committed and where commitments should be withdrawn or reduced