1. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 1 Module 02 Conventional Energy Technologies - in electricity generation from non-renewable energy sources (coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear power) - in vehicular transport - in other primary and secondary energy consumption modes (heating, cooling, agriculture and electronic devices)

2. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 2 How is electricity generated from non-renewable energy sources (oil, coal or natural gas)? Diesel Generator Gas Turbine (GT) Steam Turbine (ST) Combined Power Plant (GT & ST)

3. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 3 http://electron9.phys.utk.edu/phys136d/modules/m8/images/gen.gif Magnet Rotating wire loop Electrical output S N How to rotate the wire loop? Electric Generator We need a rotating shaft?

4. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 4 http://www.electricityforum.com/images/motor-eout.gif Wind turbine gives a rotating shaft

5. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 5 Water turbine could also give a rotating shaft

6. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 6 Diesel generator It is a diesel engine coupled to a electric generator. Diesel engine provides the rotating shaft. http://www.rkm.com.au/animations/animation-diesel-engine.html

7. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 7 Diesel generator It is a diesel engine coupled to a electric generator. Diesel engine provides the rotating shaft. http://www.rkm.com.au/animations/animation-diesel-engine.html

8. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 8 Diesel generator http://www.myrctoys.com/engines/ottomotor_e.swf

9. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 9 Comp- ressor fresh air Combustion Chamber fuel Gas Turbine gases to the stack Gen compressed air hot gases Gas Turbine Power Plant

10. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 10 Gas turbine to produce electricity

11. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 11 Gas turbine driving a jet engine

12. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 12 Gas Turbine Power Plant

13. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 13 Comp- ressor fresh air Combustion Chamber fuel Gas Turbine gases to the stack Gen compressed air hot gases Gas Turbine Power Plant (W GT ) out (W C ) in (Q CC ) in

14. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 14 Comp- ressor fresh air Combustion Chamber fuel Gas Turbine gases to the stack Gen compressed air hot gases Gas Turbine Power Plant (W GT ) out (W C ) in (Q CC ) in Useful work output = ? Total heat input = ? Total energy loss = ?

15. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 15 Gas Turbine Power Plant Useful work output = Total heat input = Thermal efficiency of the GT power plant (W GT ) out (W C ) in (Q CC ) in - (Q CC ) in (W GT ) out (W C ) in - η thermal = goes to electricity generation comes with the fuel

16. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 16 = = 22 – 28% Energy wasted: - [] = = 72 – 78% of heat released by the fuel for 50 to 100 MW plant (Q CC ) in (W GT ) out (W C ) in - (Q CC ) in (W GT ) out (W C ) in - η thermal Gas Turbine Power Plant

17. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 17 = TCTC 1 - THTH Hot reservoir at T H K Heat engine converts heat into work Cold reservoir at T C K η thermal = W out Q in W out Q in Q out < η thermal η Carnot

18. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 18 η Carnot = Carnot efficiency of the GT power plant Gas Turbine Power Plant TCTC THTH 1 - Lowest temperature (exhaust gas temperature) Highest temperature (combustion chamber temperature) η Carnot = = (Q CC ) in Maximum possible work output Total heat input Maximum possible work output η Carnot

19. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 19 Gas Turbine Power Plant Second-law efficiency of GT power plant (Q CC ) in η Carnot = Maximum possible work output Useful work output = (Q CC ) in η thermal η Carnot = η thermal < 1

20. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 20 Steam turbine http://www.bizaims.com/files/generator.JPG

21. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 21 Steam Turbine Gen Steam Turbine Power Plant

22. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 22 C saturated water hot gases Steam Turbine Gen compressed water superheated steam Condenser Pump cooling water saturated steam Steam Generator Steam Turbine Power Plant

23. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 23 R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Steam turbine to produce electricity Oil could be used instead of coal. Steam engines are also used to power the train.

24. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 24 Steam Turbine Power Plant C saturated water Gen compressed water superheated steam cooling water (W ST ) out Pump Steam Turbine Condenser Steam Generator saturated steam (Q SG ) in hot gases W P in

25. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 25 η thermal = (W ST ) out (W P ) in (Q SG ) in - = 30 – 40% Energy wasted: (Q SG ) in - [ (W ST ) out - (W P ) in ] = = 60 – 70% of heat released by the fuel for 200 to 800 MW plant Steam Turbine Power Plant

26. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 26 atmospheric air fuel GT gases to the stack C hot gases ST cooling water Combined Power Plant

27. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 27 atmospheric air fuel GT gases to the Stack ST C hot gases ST cooling water Combined Power Plant

28. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 28 Combined Power Plant

29. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 29 Combined Power Plant

30. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 30 η thermal = Heat released by fuel Useful work output at GT & ST = 36 – 50% Energy wasted: = 50 – 64% of heat released by the fuel for 300 to 600 MW plant Combined Power Plant

31. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 31 Nuclear Power Plant C Pressurized water ST cooling water CORE Control rods Containment PWR

32. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 32 R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Nuclear power plant to produce electricity

33. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 33 = 31 – 34% Energy wasted: = 66 – 69% of heat released by the fuel for 500 to 1100 MW plant Nuclear Power Plant η thermal = Heat released by fuel Useful work output at ST

34. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 34 According to the 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics when heat is converted into work, part of the heat energy must be wasted Power generation type Unit size (MW) Energy Wasted (MW) Diesel engine10 - 307 – 22 Gas Turbine50 - 10036 – 78 Steam Turbine200 - 800120 – 560 Combined (ST & GT)300 - 600150 – 380 Nuclear (BWR & PWR)500 - 1100330 – 760

35. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 35 50% - 70% lost in producing electricity 2% - 20% lost in transmitting electricity Generation, transmission and end-use losses

36. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 36 Electric power sector 70% energy losses Transportation sector Industrial sector Residential & Commercial sector 80% energy losses 25% energy losses 20% energy losses Typical energy losses in an industrialised country

37. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 37 Discussion Point: Why oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear fuel are unsustainable?

38. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 38 Sustainable energy is energy which is replenishable within a human lifetime and causes no long-term damages to the environment. Source: http://www.jsdnp.org.jm/glossary.html

39. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 39 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008 Nuclear Energy

40. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 40 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008 Nuclear Energy

41. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 41 Technological statusmature Average growth0.7% per year Total share of global energy mix 16% of electricity in 2007 10% of electricity in 2030 (potential) Nuclear Energy

42. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 42 Nuclear Energy An isotope of Uranium, 235 U, is used as the reactor fuel. A neutron striking a 235 U nucleus gets absorbed into it and 236 U is created. 236 U is unstable and this causes the atom to fission. The fissioning of 236 U can produce over twenty different products. Eg: 235 U + 1 neutron 3 neutrons + 89 Kr + 144 Ba + ENERGY Examples of fission products: 90 Sr and 137 Cs (half-life 30 years) 126 Sn (half-life of 230,000 years, but low yield)

43. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 43 Source: http://www.cameco.com/uranium_101/uranium_science/ nuclear_reactors/ Nuclear Energy Heat to Work paradigm

44. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 44 Nuclear Energy Nuclear fission provides 16% of the world electricity production and 7% of the total energy consumption. Current usage of uranium is about 65,000 t/yr. The world's present measured resources of uranium in the cost category somewhat below present spot prices is about 5.5 Mt. They could last for over 80 years at the current usage rate. Nuclear energy is therefore not a renewable energy source. Source: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html

45. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 45 Nuclear Energy Nuclear waste and the retired nuclear plants could remain radioactive for hundreds of future generations. Uranium is available on earth only in limited quantities. Uranium is being converted during the operation of the nuclear power plant so it won't be available any more for future generations. Therefore nuclear power is not a sustainable source of energy.

46. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 46 Fusion Energy The D-T Fusion Reaction Nuclei of two isotopes of hydrogen, naturally occuring deuterium ( 2 H) and synthetically produced tritium ( 3 H) react to produce a helium (He) nucleus and a neutron (n). In each reaction, 17.6 MeV of energy (2.8 pJ) is liberated 2 H + 3 H 4 He (3.5 MeV) + n (14.1 MeV)

47. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 47 Fusion Energy Sun energy comes from the fusion of hydrogen into helium. It happens at very high temperatures generated owing to the massive gas cloud shrinking under its own gravitational force.

48. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 48 Technological statusresearch phase Major challengemake ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) a success Major barrierimmense investments in research and development are needed Total share of global energy mix 0% of electricity in 2007 Possible adverse effects worn-out reactors will be radioactive for 50-100 years, but there is no long-lived radioactive waste Fusion Energy

49. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 49 Combustion Engine The combustion engine is used to power nearly all land vehicles and many water-based and air-based vehicles. In an internal combustion engine, a fuel (gasoline for example) fills a chamber, then it is compressed to heat it up, and then is ignited by a spark plug, causing a small explosion which generates work.

50. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 50 Combustion Engine

51. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 51 E ff Carnot = TCTC 1 - THTH TCTC THTH = Flame temperature (800 o C) = Exhaust Temperature (40 o C) E ff Carnot = 313 K 1 - 1073 K 71% ≈ Vehicles mostly uses Internal Combustion Engines

52. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 52 A user of a car always asks for some minimum requirements while using a car. - The drive should be smooth and easy. - The car should maintain a good speed so as to cope up with other cars in traffic. - Easy and fast refuelling of cars. - A good mileage - Less pollution

53. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 53 A Typical Car: 100 kJ 63 kJ 18 kJ 17 kJ 2 kJ Engine losses in fuel energy conversion, In engine cooling and with exhaust gases Energy for accessories Standby Idle Fuel Energy 6 kJ 12 kJ Driveline losses 2.5 kJ 4 kJ 5.5 kJ Aerodynamic drags Rolling resistance Braking Source: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtml Urban Driving

54. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 54 A Typical Car: 100 kJ 69 kJ 25 kJ 4 kJ 2 kJ Engine losses in fuel energy conversion, In engine cooling and with exhaust gases Energy for accessories Standby Idle Fuel Energy 5 kJ 20 kJ Driveline losses 11 kJ 7 kJ 2 kJ Aerodynamic drags Rolling resistance Braking Source: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtml Highway Driving

55. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 55 Electric Car:

56. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 56 Electric Car: http://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/environment-electric-cars/how-green-are-electric-cars.jsp

57. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 57 Hybrid Car:

58. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 58 Hybrid Car:

59. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 59 Hybrid Car: Advantages Of Hybrid Cars Better mileage (claimed). More reliable and comfortable (claimed). Lesser GHG emissions. Batteries need not be charged by an external source. Warranties available for batteries as well as motors. Less dependence on fuels.

60. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 60 Hybrid Car: Disadvantages Of Hybrid Cars The initial cost is higher. Car is heavier (110%). Risk of shock during an accident. The vehicle can be repaired only by professionals. Spare parts will be very costly and rare. Uses more rare metals (nickel metal hydride batteries and more copper wires) Highway driving works the IC engine and not on the battery.

61. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 61 Bio-ethanol as an alternative fuel Bioethanol is produced from plants that harness the power of the sun to convert water and CO 2 to sugars (photosynthesis), therefore it is a renewable fuel.

62. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 62 Bioethanol is produced from plants that harness the power of the sun to convert water and CO 2 to sugars (photosynthesis), therefore it is a renewable fuel. Bio-ethanol as an alternative fuel

63. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 63 A growing number of cars and trucks designated as FlexFuel Vehicles (FFV) can use ethanol blended up to 85% with petrol (E85 fuel). Today there are more than 6 million FFV's on U.S. roads alone.

64. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 64 Source: http://www.distill.com/World-Fuel-Ethanol-A&O-2004.html

65. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 65 glucose molecule Bioethanol from simple sugars: Sugar cane and sugar beets store the energy as simple sugars, glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) 2 CH 3 CH 2 OH + 2 CO 2 yeast impure cultures of yeast produce glycerine and various organic acids this simple-looking reaction is a bioreaction and thus very complex

66. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 66 Yeast can be replaced by the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis - gives up to 98% yields - minimal by-products - simple fermentation requirements - several-fold the production rates of yeast Z. mobilis industrial strain CP4, originating from Brazil, vigorously fermenting glucose. Photo courtesy Katherine M. Pappas

67. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 67 sugar cane sugar cane crushed and soluble sugar washed out sugar cane residue fermentation of sugars produces 5 - 12% ethanol yeast distilled to concentrate to 80 – 95% ethanol used as a petrol replacement dehydrate to 100% ethanol used as a petrol additive CO 2 wet solids

68. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 68 Bioethanol from starch: Corn, wheat and cassava store the energy as more complex sugars, called starch dextrins α-amylase amyloglucosidase glucose monomer } starch (glucose polymer)

69. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 69 Liquification (at 90 – 95 deg C; pH = 4 - 4.5; 400 rpm) Saccharification with glucosidase enzyme (at 55 - 65 deg C, pH = 4 - 4.5) Cooling (32 deg C) Fermentation with yeast (40 – 50 hrs) Distillation Dehydration 80-95% ethanol 100% ethanol cassava flour + water + alpha-amylase enzyme

70. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 70 Bioethanol from Biomass (except sugars and starches): Rice straw Paddy husks Saw dust Grasses Bagasse

71. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 71 Cellulose (40 to 60% by weight of the biomass) made from the six-carbon sugar, glucose. Its crystalline structure makes it resistant to hydrolysis (the chemical reaction that releases simple, fermentable sugars). Bioethanol from Biomass (except sugars and starches):

72. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 72 Currently, bioethanol yields 25% more energy output than input to produce it. Because fossil fuel is required - for the tractor planting the corn - for the fertilizer put in the field - for the energy needed at the processing plant Bioethanol also requires land and water.

73. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 73 Is bioethanol a sustainable energy source?

74. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 74 Bioethanol will be used in engines that convert heat into work Engines that convert heat into work are very inefficient

75. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 75 Biofuels, such as US corn bioethanol, Brazilian sugar cane bioethanol, Brazilian soy biodiesel and Malaysian palm-oil biodiesel, have greater total environmental impacts than fossil fuels. Andy Tait of Greenpeace said "It is clear that what government and industry are trying to do is find a neat, drop-in solution that allows people to continue business as usual. If you are looking at the emissions from the transport sector, the first thing you need to look at is fuel efficiency and massively increasing it. That needs to come before you even get to the point of discussing which biofuels might be good or bad."

76. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 76

77. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 77 Heating

78. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 78 Cooling: air conditioning

79. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 79 Cooling: refrigeration

80. Prof. R. Shanthini Dec 31, 2011 80 Agricultural machinery