1. Transportation Model Lecture 16 Dr. Arshad Zaheer
Source: Operations Research- An Introduction by Hamdy A. Taha, 8th edition

2. Simplex Algorithm – Special cases
There are four special cases arise in the use of the simplex method.
Degeneracy
Alternative optimal
Unbounded solution
infeasible solution

3. Outline What is transportation model Purpose of Transportation Model
Real Life Application
Explanation of Transportation model
Formulating a transportation problem
Finding the initial feasible solution

4. What is Transportation model?
The transportation problem is one of the subclasses of linear programming problem where the objective is to transport various quantities of a single homogeneous product that are initially stored at various origins, to different destinations in such a way that the total transportation is minimum.

5. Purpose of Transportation models
Transportation models or problems are primarily concerned with the optimal (best possible) way in which a product produced at different factories or plants (called supply origins) can be transported to a number of warehouses (called demand destinations).
The objective in a transportation problem is to fully satisfy the destination requirements within the operating production capacity constraints at the minimum possible cost.

6. Real Life application

7. Transportation Model Sources Destination Supply D1 D2 D3 S1 Cij Xij C1
Demand d1 d2 d3
C1+C2+C3=
d1+d2+d3

8. Transportation Model (cont.)
Let Xij are the units to be transported from source i (i=1, 2, 3….) to destination j (j=1, 2, 3….) and
Cij is the cost to transport goods from source i (i=1, 2, 3….) to destination j (j=1, 2, 3….)
After substituting ij with respective numbers the previous table will become like this;

9. Sources
Destination
Supply D1 D2 D3 S1
C11
X11
C12
X12
C13
X13 C1 S2
C21
X21
C22
X22
C23
X23 C2 S3
C31
X31
C32
X32
C33
X33 C3
Demand d1 d2 d3
C1+C2+C3=
d1+d2+d3

10. Formulating Transportation Problems
Lets take an example to describe the procedure of formulation of problem;
Example 1:
Powerco has three electric power plants that supply the electric needs of four cities.
The associated supply of each plant and demand of each city is given in the table 1.

11. Table 1. Shipping costs, Supply, and Demand for Powerco Example
Sources
Destination
City 1
City 2
City 3
City 4
Supply (Million kwh)
Plant 1 $8 $6
$10 $9 35
Plant 2
$12
$13 $7 50
Plant 3
$14
$16 $5 40
Demand (Million kwh) 45 20 30
125
Transportation Tableau

12. Formulating Transportation Problems (Cont.)
A transportation problem is specified by the supply, the demand, and the shipping costs. So the relevant data can be summarized in a transportation tableau. The transportation tableau implicitly expresses the supply and demand constraints and the shipping cost between each demand and supply point.

13. Formulating Transportation Problems (Cont.)
Solution
Decision Variable:
Since we have to determine how much electricity is sent from each plant to each city;
Xij = Amount of electricity produced at plant i and sent to city j
X14 = Amount of electricity produced at plant 1 and sent to city 4

14. Objective function
Since we want to minimize the total cost of shipping from plants to cities;
Minimize Z = ∑ Cij Xij
Minimize Z = 8X11+6X12+10X13+9X14
+9X21+12X22+13X23+7X24
+14X31+9X32+16X33+5X34

15. Supply Constraints
Since each supply point has a limited production capacity;
X11+X12+X13+X14 <= 35
X21+X22+X23+X24 <= 50
X31+X32+X33+X34 <= 40

16. Demand Constraints
The company is required to meet the demand of different destinations represented in the form of inequalities as;
X11+X21+X31 >= 45
X12+X22+X32 >= 20
X13+X23+X33 >= 30
X14+X24+X34 >= 30

17. Sign Constraints
Since a negative amount of electricity can not be shipped all Xij’s must be non negative;
Xij >= 0 (i= 1,2,3; j= 1,2,3,4)

18. LP Formulation of Powerco’s Problem
Min Z = 8X11+6X12+10X13+9X14+9X21+12X22+13X23+7X24
+14X31+9X32+16X33+5X34
S.T.: X11+X12+X13+X14 <= 35 (Supply Constraints)
X21+X22+X23+X24 <= 50
X31+X32+X33+X34 <= 40
X11+X21+X31 >= 45 (Demand Constraints)
X12+X22+X32 >= 20
X13+X23+X33 >= 30
X14+X24+X34 >= 30
Xij >= 0 (i= 1,2,3; j= 1,2,3,4) (Sign Constraint)

19. General Description of a Transportation Problem
A set of m supply points from which a good is shipped. Supply point i can supply at most si units.
A set of n demand points to which the good is shipped. Demand point j must receive at least dj units of the shipped good.
Each unit produced at supply point i and shipped to demand point j incurs a variable cost of cij.

20. Types of Transportation Problem
Balanced Transportation Problem
Unbalanced Transportation Problem
Less Supply as Compared to Demand
Less Demand as Compared to Supply

21. Balanced Transportation Problem
If Total supply equals to total demand, the problem is said to be a balanced transportation problem:

22. Balanced Transportation Problem (Cont.)
Sources D1 D2 D3
Supply S1 2 4 3 15 S2 5 7 25 S3 8 30
Demand 10 20 40 70
Demand and Supply are Equal

23. Supply is Less than Total Demand
If a transportation problem has a total supply that is strictly less than total demand the problem has no feasible solution. There is no doubt that in such a case one or more of the demand will be left unmet. Generally in such situations a penalty cost is often associated with unmet demand and as one can guess this time the total penalty cost is desired to be minimum. To solve such problem we need to introduce fictitious sources to provide the required supply at zero cost or cost provided in the problem.

24. Supply is Less than Total Demand (Cont.)
Sources D1 D2 D3
Supply S1 2 4 3 15 S2 5 7 25 S3 8 30
Demand 20 40 70 80
Supply is less than total demand

25. Supply is Less than Total Demand (Cont.)
Sources D1 D2 D3
Supply S1 2 4 3 15 S2 5 7 25 S3 8 30 Sf 10
Demand 20 40 80
A Fictitious Source Sf with supply of 10 is introduced which equalized the demand and supply

26. Supply Exceeds Total Demand
If total supply exceeds total demand, we can balance the problem by adding dummy demand point. Since shipments to the dummy demand point are not real, they are assigned a cost of zero.

27. Supply Exceeds Total Demand (cont.)
Sources D1 D2 D3
Supply S1 2 4 3 25 S2 5 7 S3 8 30
Demand 10 20 40 80 70
Supply exceeds the total demand so Fictitious destinations would be introduced to balance the problem

28. Supply Exceeds Total Demand (cont.)
Sources D1 D2 D3 Df
Supply S1 2 4 3 25 S2 5 7 S3 8 30
Demand 10 20 40 80

29. Initial Feasible Solution
Unlike other Linear Programming problems, a balanced TP with m supply points and n demand points is easier to solve, although it has m + n equality constraints. The reason for that is, if a set of decision variables (xij’s) satisfy all but one constraint, the values for xij’s will satisfy that remaining constraint automatically.

30. Methods to find Initial Feasible Solution
There are two basic methods:
Northwest Corner Method
Least - Cost Method

31. Northwest Corner Method
To find the Initial Feasible Solution by the NWC method:
Begin in the upper left (northwest) corner of the transportation tableau and set x11 as large as possible (here the limitations for setting x11 to a larger number, will be the demand of demand point 1 and the supply of supply point 1. Your x11 value can not be greater than minimum of this 2 values).

32. According to the explanations in the previous slide we can set x11=3 (meaning demand of demand point 1 is satisfied by supply point 1).

33. After we check the east and south cells, we saw that we can go east (meaning supply point 1 still has capacity to fulfill some demand).

34. After applying the same procedure, we saw that we can go south this time (meaning demand point 2 needs more supply by supply point 2).

35. Finally, we will have the following bfs, which is: x11=3, x12=2, x22=3, x23=2, x24=1, x34=2

36. North West Corner Method

37. Least Cost Method
The Northwest Corner Method does not utilize shipping costs. It can yield an initial feasible solution easily but the total shipping cost may be very high. The minimum cost method uses shipping costs in order to come up with an initial feasible solution that has a lower cost. To begin the minimum cost method, first we find the decision variable with the smallest shipping cost (Xij). Then assign Xij its largest possible value, which is the minimum of si and dj

38. Least Cost Method (cont.)
After that, as in the Northwest Corner Method we should cross out row i and column j and reduce the supply or demand of the noncrossed-out row or column by the value of Xij. Then we will choose the cell with the minimum cost of shipping from the cells that do not lie in a crossed-out row or column and we will repeat the procedure.

39. An example for Minimum Cost Method Step 1: Select the cell with minimum cost.

40. Step 2: Cross-out column 2

41. Step 3: Find the new cell with minimum shipping cost and cross-out row 2

42. Step 4: Find the new cell with minimum shipping cost and cross-out row 1

43. Step 5: Find the new cell with minimum shipping cost and cross-out column 1

44. Step 6: Find the new cell with minimum shipping cost and cross-out column 3

45. Step 7: Finally assign 6 to last cell
Step 7: Finally assign 6 to last cell. The Initial feasible solution is found as: X11=5, X21=2, X22=8, X31=5, X33=4 and X34=6

46. Least Cost Method