1. 9/6/2011
When discussing Anatomy & Physiology, it is important to “start small and work your way up”. Molecular and Cellular levels are first, what do you think are the next
3 levels based on that concept?

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 6
Anatomy
and
Physiology

3. Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:
Define elements of the human body
Understand directional terms and body planes
Identify organs of all body systems
Compare diseases and disorders related to the body systems

4. What is the smallest element in the body?
The CELL!
Varies in size, shape, and function
They need food, water, and oxygen
Basic structures:
Cell membrane- outer covering, holds substance inside and maintains shape
Nucleus- central portion of each cell. Directs cell’s activities and contains chromosomes (bearers of genes) which are made up of DNA
Genes carry inherited traits (eye/hair color, height, diseases and gender)
All cells have a nucleus except red blood cells (RBC)= enucleated
Cytoplasm surrounds nucleus and performs work (reproduction and movement)

5. Cell Types All cell types are different
Their shape / function change to fit specific needs
Nerve Cells: have long, thin extensions that transmit nerve impulses over a distance
Epithelial Cells: thin, flat, and tightly packed to form protective layer over underlying cells
Muscle Cells: slender rods that attach at the ends of structures that they move

6. Tissues (Groups of cells that work together to perform the same task)
There are 4 types
Connective Tissue: holds body parts together and connects them such as bones, ligaments, tendons
Epithelial Tissue: covers internal and external body surfaces (skin, linings of internal organs)
Muscle Tissue: expands and contracts to allow for bodily movement
Nervous Tissue: carries messages from all parts of the body to and from the brain and spinal cord

9. 9/7/11
What does anatomy and physiology mean to you? What do you think you will gain from this chapter?

10. Organs
Groups of tissue that work together to perform a specific function
Ex: Kidneys, which maintain water and salt balance in the blood
Ex: Stomach, which breaks down food into substances that the circulatory system can transport throughout the body as nourishment for its cells

11. Systems Respiratory: consists of lungs & airways.
Groups of organs working
together to perform one of the body’s major functions
Systems have separate/distinct functions but rely on one another to perform their tasks
Respiratory: consists of lungs & airways.
Performs respiration, process which supplies the body with a constant supply of oxygen
Cardiovascular: consists of heart & blood vessels
Pumps and transports blood throughout the body

12. Systems Cont… Skeletal: consists of bones.
supports & protects the body and is the body’s framework. Without bones, we would be a shapeless mass
Muscular: consists of muscles and cartilage
Provides bodily movement
Nervous: consists of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Regulates most body activities and sends/receives messages from sensory organs

13. Systems Cont… Endocrine: consists of the glands
Secretes hormones for the regulation of many of the body’s activities
Sensory: consists of the eyes, ears, and parts of other systems
Related to the 5 senses
Digestive: consists of all organs of digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste
Necessary for normal intake of food/water

14. Systems Cont…
Urinary: consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Eliminates metabolic waste, helps to maintain acid-base and water-salt balance, helps regulate blood pressure
Integumentary: consists of skin, and accessory structures which are hair, nails, sweat glands, & oil glands
Skin is largest organ and serves to cover and protect our body

15. Systems Cont…
Lymphatic and immune: consist of the lymph, glands of the lymphatic system, lymphatic vessels, and nonspecific and specific defenses of the immune system
Help protect the body from infection and disease
Reproductive: female consists of the ovaries, vagina, fallopian tubes, uterus, and mammary glands/breasts. Male consists of testes, penis, prostate gland, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles
Controls reproduction and heredity

16. September 8, 2011 What is more important?
That a health care professional that works with children be knowledgeable about anatomy and physiology or one who works with adults? Why?

17. Agenda 6 Senses Article Body Systems Review Body Systems Activity
Body Systems Video

18. Q.O.D. - 9/9/11
Without using your notes/textbook…name at least one fact about “your body system”(the one you researched yesterday).
Don’t just say “bones are in the skeletal system”.

19. Body Systems Group Work
Museum Activity

20. Video!

21. 9/12/2011
How does anatomy relate to the profession you think you may be interested in? How will it help you?

22. Body Cavities There are 2 main cavities
Dorsal Cavity: on the back side of the body.
Is divided into the cranial cavity which holds the brain and the spinal cavity which holds the spinal cord
Ventral Cavity: on front side of body
Is separated into 2 parts by a muscle called the diaphragm.
Above diaphragm is the thoracic cavity which holds heart, lungs, major blood vessels
Below diaphragm is the abdominal cavity which holds the organs of the digestive and urinary systems
Bottom portion of abdominal cavity is pelvic cavity which holds the reproductive system

25. Directional Terms Deep: through the surface (deep cut)
Superficial: on or near the surface (scratch)
Proximal: near point of attachment to trunk (proximal end of thighbone joins hipbone)
Distal: away from the point of attachment to the trunk (distal end of thighbone joins the knee bone)
Supine: lying on one’s spine facing upward
Prone: lying on one’s stomach facing downward

26. Planes of the body
3 imaginary planes divide the body and cut through the body in different sections
Sagittal plane: divides the body into 2 parts, right and left (equally: the midsagittal plane)
Frontal or coronal plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior
Transverse plane: divides body horizontally into a top, or superior part, and a bottom, or inferior part.
Transverse
Plane

27. Regions of the Abdominal Cavity
Large cavity divided into
9 regions to describe the
location of organs,
injuries, or pain
Epigastric Region: The
area above the stomach
Hypochondriac Regions (left/right): 2 regions just below ribs, immediately over the abdomen
Umbilical Region: region surrounding the umbilicus (navel)

28. Regions of the Abdominal Cavity Cont….. Pg. 177
Lumbar regions (left/right): 2 regions near the waist
Hypogastric Region: area just below the umbilical region
Iliac, or inguinal regions (left/right): 2 regions near the upper portion of the hipbone

29. It gets EASIER! There is a simpler way using 4 quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ): On right anterior side, contains part of liver, the gallbladder, and parts of the pancreas and intestinal tract
Right lower quadrant (RLQ): On right anterior side, contains appendix, parts of intestines, reproductive organs in female, and urinary tract

30. The last 2 quadrants…..
Left upper quadrant (LUQ): On left anterior side, contains stomach, spleen, parts of liver, pancreas, and intestines
Left lower quadrant (LLQ): On left anterior side, contains parts of intestines, reproductive organs in female, and urinary tract

31. 9/14/2011
If you had to live the remainder of your life without 2 body systems, what would they be and why?

32. What is vital for life?
Our cells need oxygen to live, respiratory system supplies oxygen, cardiovascular system carries the oxygen through the blood to cells
Always check for open airway/breathing when treating anyone (esp. emergency)
Next check for circulation (i.e. cardiovascular system)
Respiratory and cardiovascular systems are VITAL FOR LIFE!! (most responsible for keeping us alive!)

33. Respiratory System Consist of: Lungs- main organ of system
Provides oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
Outside of lungs is a moist, double layer of membrane called the “pleura”/ “pleurae”
Outer layer of membrane: Parietal pleura
Inner layer of membrane: Visceral pleura
Both layers make lung movement easier by protecting lungs and providing moisture
Space between the 2 pleura: pleural cavity

34. Respiratory cont….. Right lung (larger lung) has 3 lobes
Left lung has 2 lobes
We can live without one or more lobes (even without an entire lung)
Respiratory Tract: system of passageways through which air moves in and out of the lungs
Muscles: that move air in/out of lungs
The system performs 2 major tasks:
External respiration (breathing) air exchange between body and outside environment
Internal respiration: bringing oxygen to cells /removing carbon dioxide from cells

35. External Respiration Inspiration, or inhalation,
brings air into the mouth or nose.
Nose is divided into 2 nasal cavities by a piece of cartilage (nasal septum)
Air passes through cavities and sinuses, gets warmed by blood in mucous membranes.
Small hairs (cilia) filter out foreign bodies

36. Ex. Resp (The Throat)
Air reaches the throat, or pharynx, a passageway for both air and food that is divided into 3 sections
1. Nasopharynx: lies above soft palate which is a flexible muscular sheet that separates nasopharynx from rest of pharynx
Contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which aid in body’s immune defense

37. Ex. Resp (The Throat)
2. Oropharynx, back portion of mouth, contains the palatine tonsils
Made up of lymphatic tissue (immune system)
Part of mechanism that triggers swallowing
3. Laryngopharynx, bottom section of pharynx
Point where respiratory tract divides into the esophagus and larynx.

38. External Respiration cont….
Esophagus
- passageway for food (digestive system)
- Epiglottis (movable flap of cartilage covering larynx opening, glottis) prevents food from going into the larynx
Aspiration: swallowing & inhaling simultaneously pulling food into larynx
Could cause choking and need Heimlich
Larynx (voice box)

39. External Respiration cont…
Larynx, or voice box, is place from which air passes to the trachea or windpipe.
Air goes into larynx to form sounds of speech and singing
Contains vocal chords (size/thickness determine pitch)
Trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects larynx to right & left bronchi (both contain cartilage and mucous glands)
Bronchi are passageways through which air enters both lungs (get smaller as they branch out, smallest are bronchioles

40. Q.O.D. -- 9/15/11
List as many (H.S.L.) activities as you can that require you to use your respiratory system.

41. Today Video –Respiratory System Review
List the 3 sections of the throat
The esophagus does…?
The larynx does …?
The epiglottis is used for…?

42. More info…Your questions, answered!
Brain Freeze!
Snoring
Sinusitus
Tonsils
Tonsil Stones

43. Internal Respiration
Structures inside lungs resemble upside-down trees with smaller branches
At end of bronchiole is a cluster of air sacs, alveoli
Alveoli: one-celled, thin-walled and connect to small blood vessels/capillaries in lungs
Oxygen is exchanged from alveoli into bloodstream via capillaries
Carbon dioxide is sent from capillaries into alveoli
Oxygen then goes to body’s cells

44. Internal Respiration cont
Muscles for breathing: Diaphragm & Intercostal Muscles
Muscular contractions enlarge the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration and decrease volume when they relax during expiration
Diaphragm lowers and intercostals pull ribs upward and outward when they contract to enlarge thoracic cavity

45. Diseases/disorders of respiratory system
Respiratory system is site of many inflammations, disorders, and infections
Bronchitis, Asthma, Emphysema, Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)
Hemoptysis (coughing up blood), Lung Cancer, Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), Epistaxis (nosebleeds), Pneumonia
Tuberculosis, Anthracosis (black lung), Pleurisy, Influenza, and many breathing disorders

46. Cardiovascular System
Responsible for circulation of blood
Heart: average adult’s is size of fist and lies in thoracic cavity between lungs (2/3 lies on left side)
Pericardium: is a protective sac covering heart and has 2 layers (visceral/inner layer and parietal/outer portion)
Heart has 3 layers of tissue. Outer most is epicardium, middle layer is myocardium, inner layer is endocardium which forms lining for chambers and valves of heart

47. Cardiovascular System cont
Parts of the heart – right and left sides, each side has 2 chambers (upper chambers are atriums, lower chambers are ventricles)
R & L sides are separated by a partition called a septum

48. Cardiovascular System cont
Blood Flow: flows in only one direction through the chambers of the heart with flow regulated by valves
Arteries carry blood away from heart and veins carry blood toward the heart
Valves of Heart: control blood flow, left valve between chambers is the bicuspid, right valve is tricuspid
Cardiac Conduction System: contained in conductive tissue and controls the electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract

49. Q.O.D – 9/16/11 What do you do to keep your heart “healthy”?
Quiz

50. Heart Rate
Relaxation / Mediation
Target Heart Rate Zone
Importance of Target Heart Rate Zone (Homework)

51. Q.O.D. – 9/19/11
What are some “things” that we can do to make our bones stronger?

52. Cardiovascular System cont
Circulation: arteries and veins are the vessels that carry blood to and from heart and lungs and to and from heart to rest of body
3 types of circulation:
Coronary
Pulmonary
Systemic
Coronary Circulation: circulation of blood within the heart
Coronary arteries branch off aorta (main artery through which blood exits the heart) to supply blood to heart muscle

53. Cardiovascular System cont
Pulmonary Circulation: flow of blood between heart and lungs
Pulmonary arteries carry blood low in oxygen from R ventricle to lungs to get oxygen (away)
Oxygen rich blood flows from lungs to L atrium through pulmonary veins (to)
Systemic Circulation: flow of blood between heart and cells
Heart pumps O-rich blood through major arteries to cells (carotid, femoral)
Arteries lead to arterioles (smaller vessels) which divide into narrow vessels/capillaries
Blood travels back to heart through venules (small branches of veins) and veins
Upper body through Superior Vena Cava, lower through Inferior Vena Cava

54. Cardiovascular System cont
Blood: a complex mixture of cells, water, and various proteins and sugars
Sends life sustaining nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to body
Removes waste products from cells to prevent toxic buildup and regulates body temp
A thick liquid. Fluid part is plasma which is clear and consists of water, proteins, salts, nutrients, vitamins, and hormones
Cells or solids make up 45% and consists of Erythrocytes (red blood cells/RBCs), Leukocytes (white blood cells/WBCs), Thrombocytes (platelets)

55. Cardiovascular System cont
Blood types
4 types of human blood groups
O, A, B, AB
Positive or negative element known as the Rh factor first found in Rhesus monkeys
RH factor is a type of antigen (causes body to produce antibodies

56. Cardiovascular System cont
Diseases & Disorders of the Cardiovascular System:
Hypertension (high blood pressure), Stroke (blood clot blocks blood flow), Arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries), Aneurysm (disease/ birth defect/ trauma weakens artery wall)
Coronary Artery disease (CAD- narrowing of coronary arteries), Myocardial infarction (heart attack), Congestive heart failure (CHF- heart cannot pump as usual), Anemia (lack of O in RBCs), Hemophilia (excessive bleeding), Leukemia (abnormal increase in WBC)

57. 9/20/11 Study for quiz Quiz: respiratory and cardiovascular
Video: Nat Geo
*Mr. Legath left early

58. 9/21/11
Have you ever broken a bone or have known someone who has broken a bone. EXPLAIN!

59. Bone Identification Activity

60. 9/22/11
How can a person improve his/her muscular strength in a healthy manner?
What are some negative ways that people use to try to improve muscular growth?

61. Skeletal System
Skeletal and muscular systems form framework that holds body together, allows movement, and protects/supports all internal organs
Born with 350 bones! Some fuse, a mature adult has 206
Skeleton consists of bones and joints which also serve as levers to lift and move while also storing calcium

62. Skeletal System cont… 5 types of bones
1. Long bones form legs and arms like humerus and femur
Longest portion= shaft
2. Short bones- small, cube-shaped in wrists, ankles, toes
3. Flat bones have large flat surfaces like shoulder blades, pelvis, skull
4. Irregular bones- specialized shapes (ears, vertebrae, face)
5. Sesamoid bones form in tendons near joints (patella/kneecap, hands, feet)

63. Skeletal System cont…
Bones have depressions and extensions for attaching muscles and tendons
Bone marrow: marrow is soft connective tissue important in production of blood cells
Red bone marrow is found in infant bones and flat adult bones (RBCs develop)
Yellow marrow in most adult bones, made up of connective tissue filled with fat!
Head Bones: Frontal bone (forehead), ethmoid bone (nasal cavity and eye orbits), parietal bone (top/upper/sides of skull), temporal bone (lower part of skull/sides), occipital bone (back and base, opening for spinal cord), sphenoid bone (base of cranium- holds together frontal, occipital, ethmoid)

66. Skeletal System cont… Spinal Column: consists of 5 sets of vertebrae
Each vertebrae separated by thick, cartilaginous disc (cushion)
Space for spinal column
1. Cervical: 7 vertebrae of neck
2. Thoracic: 12 vertebrae that connect to ribs
3. Lumbar: 5 bones of middle back
4. Sacrum: curved bone in lower back (5 bones at birth that fuse)
5. Coccyx: tailbone formed from 4 fused bones

68. Skeletal System cont…
Chest bones: clavicle/collarbone and the scapula are at top of chest cavity
Sternum/breastbone is below (sternum rub)
Extending from Sternum are 12 ribs
Pelvic bones: pelvic girdle is a large bone that forms the hips and supports trunk
Composed of 3 fused bones- ilium, ischium, and pubes
Also where legs attach

69. Skeletal System cont… Bones in extremities: Upper arm bone, humerus
Metacarpals, 5 bones of palm that radiate out to finger bones/phalanges
Thigh bone, femur, longest
bone in body and meets lower leg bones, tibia (shin) and
fibula at the kneecap/patella
Ankle formed by the tarsal bones
Joints: point where bones connect

70. H:\Allied Health\Allied Health 2\Chapter 1 Bones\Chapter 1 Bones--Legath.ppt

71. Bones
Video clip??
(Discovery Education)

72. Skeletal System cont… Diseases & Disorders of the Skeletal System
Fractures: closed, simple, open, complex, greenstick (child), comminuted (shattered), complicated (soft tissue), impacted fracture, compression (vertebrae), spiral
Diseases/disorders: osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, sprained joints, herniated disc, postural conditions

73. 9/23/2011
If you had to chose one of your senses that would no longer function, which one would you pick?
If you had a child that was born without one of their senses, which one would you rather?
Are they different? If so, why?

74. Skeletal System cont… Diseases & Disorders of the Skeletal System
Fractures: closed, simple, open, complex, greenstick (child), comminuted (shattered), complicated (soft tissue), impacted fracture, compression (vertebrae), spiral
Diseases/disorders: osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, sprained joints, herniated disc, postural conditions

75. Muscular System More than 600 individual muscles
(40% of total body weight)
Three Types of muscles and all usually work together
1. Involuntary muscles (respiration, urination, digestion)
2. Cardiac muscle

76. Muscles cont……………………….
3. Voluntary muscles (skeletal muscles)
Flexion: act of bending
Extension: to straighten
Abduction: to move or take away
Adduction: to add to or move toward body
Rotation: move around an axis or rotate
Diseases/Disorders of the muscular system:
Strain, fibromyalgia, Bursitis (joint), Dislocation, muscular dystrophy

77. 9/26/11
What do you think is the most significant problem with our current healthcare system?

78. Nervous System No system is capable of functioning alone!
Neurons, or nerve cells, are basic element
3 parts: Cell body (different shapes), dendrites (thin branching extensions of nerve body), axon (conducts nerve impulses)
All nerves have 2 basic properties: Excitability (respond to a stimulus) Conductivity (transmit signals)
3 Types: Efferent/motor neurons (convey info to muscles/glands), Afferent/sensory neurons (carry info to CNS), Interneurons (carry & process info)
Neurons form bundles called nerves

79. Nervous System cont Central Nervous System
Brain has 4 major divisions: brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum, diencephalon
Area between brain and cranium is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for cushion
Spinal Cord extends from base of brain to area around first lumbar vertebra in low back
Peripheral Nervous System
Made up of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Nerves are divided into 2 subsystems: Somatic (receives/processes sensory inputs) Autonomic (carry impulses from CNS to glands, inv. Muscles, cardiac muscles, and various membranes
Helps maintain homeostasis or balance

80. Nervous System cont Diseases or disorders of CNS
Concussion, brain contusion
Congenital diseases
Spina bifida, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy
Other diseases
Alzheimers, amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, multiple sclerosis,
myasthenia gravis, parkinson’s,
epilepsy, tourettes’, meningitis,
encephalitis, paralysis
(hemiplegia, paraplegia, quadriplegia)

81. Endocrine System Made up of glands that act as regulators of hormones
Organs that secrete hormones: hypothalamus, pineal gland (melatonin), pituitary (hormones), thyroid (metabolism), parathyroid (calcium), thymus, adrenal (electrolytes), pancreas (blood glucose), ovaries (estrogen / progesterone), testes (testosterone)
Diseases & Disorders: acromegaly (enlarged features), dwarfism, diabetes insipidus, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, cushing’s syndrome, addison’s, hypoglycemia, diabetes mellitus

82. 9/27/11 change this(Last day of NOTES)
What did you find most interesting about Allied Health? What did you enjoy the most? What did you enjoy the least besides NOTES :)?

83. Sensory System
Includes any organ or part that perceives or receives stimuli
5 senses: sight, touch, hearing, smell, taste
Sight: Parts of the eye- sclera is the smooth firm white posterior section, choroid- middle layer, retina- interior layer
Eyebrows and eye lashes help block foreign bodies
Hearing: helps with equilibrium as well
Ear has 3 major divisions: external ear/pinna, middle ear (ear drum), inner ear

84. Sensory System cont Touch, pain and temp:
we sense 5 different intensities of touch (light is felt on top layer of skin and harder pressured touch is felt in middle or bottom)
Smell: closely related to sense of taste
Taste: taste buds are organs and are located on your tongue or roof/walls of mouth.
Different areas of the tongue sense diff tastes (bitter, sour, salt, sweet)
Many sensory related diseases/disorders result from age-related wear and tear on the senses

85. Digestive System
Process of breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the cells
Consists of mouth (chews food/mastication and swallows/deglutition), pharynx, esophagus (pushes food down), stomach, intestines, liver (changes food nutrients into usable substances), gallbladder (stores bile), pancreas
GI Tract (alimentary canal) is a tube that extends from mouth to anus
Stomach has 4 regions: cardiac region, fundus (upper), body, pyloris (bottom)
Diseases & disorders are digestive related such as eating disorders

86. Urinary System AKA: Renal System or excretory system
Consists of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, and
urethra
Kidneys form urine and retain essential substances for body to reabsorb. Urine is produced by filtration of water, salts, sugar, urea
and waste (adult= 1700 quarts of blood daily)

87. Urinary System cont…….
Ureters attach to each kidney and are 6-7” long tubes that transport urine from renal pelvis to bladder from rhythmic contractions of the muscles
Bladder: hollow muscular organ that stores urine until ready for excretion. Urine pumps to bladder every few seconds. Can hold ml (1.5-2 Cups) When full, nerve ending stimulate sensation to urinate
Urethra: Urine is excreted through urethra which is a tube of smooth muscle with a mucous lining. Females are 1.5” / Males are 8”
Diseases & Disorders: Infections in urinary tract (UTI), Cystitis, Kidney Stones, Glomerulonephritis, Pyelonephritis, Kidney failure, Incontinence

88. Integumentary System
Covers and protects the body, regulates temp, excretes waste, includes body’s pain and sensation sensors
Skin: largest organ in body (adults= 21.5 square feet of skin) Varies in thickness
Protects body from injury, intrusion of harmful microorganisms, ultraviolet rays of sun
Helps maintain internal temp, serves as excretion site for perspiration, serves as sensory organ
Epidermis= outer layer (no blood vessels)
Dermis= contains connective tissue
Subcutaneous= layer between dermis and body’s inner organs (fatty tissue for protection and temp)

89. Integumentary System cont…..
Hair grows from epidermis and serves to cushion and protect
Nails serve as protective covering, help grasp, and scratch
Sweat glands: (suderiferous glands) found almost everywhere and allows for cooling the body
Diseases & Disorders: Lesions, Rubella, Chickenpox, Herpes, Impetigo, Fungi, abscess, gangrene, acne, psoriasis, scabies, cancer

90. Lymphatic / Immune Systems
Share some structures and functions (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland)
Lymphatic organs: vessels transport lymph fluid to and from bloodstream
Spleen & Thymus Gland: spleen located in UL quadrant of abdominal cavity and filters foreign material from blood.
Thymus is a soft gland w/ 2 lobes. Larger at birth and childhood to provide immunity
Immune System: consists of defense mechanisms
3 types: Natural immunity, acquired active immunity(disease or vaccine), acquired passive immunity (snake bite/antitoxin)
Diseases & disorders: AIDS, Lymphoma, Infectious Mononucleosis, Allergies, Autoimmune disease

91. It Can Happen to Anyone

92. Reproductive Systems
2 groups: 1. Primary organs are gonads or sex organs 2. Accessory organs for transportation
Female: Ovaries (release eggs), cervix, uterus, external genitalia (vulva: mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora), breasts
Male: (external) Testes, Penis, scrotum
Diseases & Disorders: Sexually transmitted disease
Female: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Endometriosis, cervical/ovarian/breast cancer
Male: Epidiymitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), prostrate cancer, testicular cancer

93. The END!
“Many people walk in and out of your life while only a few leave footprints on your heart! “
I hope that you all leave footprints on many hearts as you continue to pursue your dreams!