1. Chapter 01 Lecture Outline Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes and animations.

2. The Science of Biology Chapter 1 2

3. 3 The Science of Life Biology unifies much of natural science Life defies simple definition –Living systems are the most complex chemical systems on Earth –Life is constrained by the properties of chemistry and physics Science is becoming more interdisciplinary –Combining multiple fields

4. 4 7 characteristics of all living organisms 1.Cellular organization 2.Ordered complexity 3.Sensitivity 4.Growth, development, and reproduction 5.Energy utilization 6.Homeostasis 7.Evolutionary adaptation

5. Living systems show hierarchical organization –Cellular level Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells Cell is the basic unit of life –Organismal level Tissues, organs, organ systems 5

6. 6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. AtomsMolecule Macromolecule CELLULAR LEVEL OrganelleCell 0.2 µm O C H N O H N C O (organelle): © Dr. Donald Fawcett & Porter/Visuals Unlimited; (cell): © Steve Gschmeissner/Getty Images

7. 7 Tissue Organ 100 µm ORGANISMAL LEVEL Organ systemOrganism (tissue): © Ed Reschke; (organism): © Russell Illig/Getty Images RF Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8. –Populational level Population, community –Ecosystem level –Biosphere Earth is an ecosystem we call the biosphere Each level has emergent properties –Result from interaction of components –Cannot be deduced by looking at parts themselves –“Life” is an emergent property 8

9. 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. POPULATIONAL LEVEL PopulationSpeciesCommunityEcosystemBiosphere (population): © George Ostertag/agefotostock; (species): © PhotoDisc/Volume 44 RF; (community): © Ryan McGinnis/Alamy; (ecosystem): © Robert and Jean Pollock; (biosphere): NASA

10. 10 The Nature of Science Science aims to understand the natural world through observation and reasoning Science begins with observations, therefore, much of science is purely descriptive –Classification of all life on Earth –Human genome sequencing

11. 11 Science uses both deductive and inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning uses general principles to make specific predictions Inductive reasoning uses specific observations to develop general conclusions

12. 12 Scientists use a systematic approach to gain understanding of the natural world –Observation –Hypothesis formation –Prediction –Experimentation –Conclusion

13. 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Observation Question Potential hypotheses Remaining possible hypotheses Last remaining possible hypothesis Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2 Hypothesis 3 Hypothesis 4 Hypothesis 5 Hypothesis 2 Hypothesis 3 Hypothesis 5 Reject hypotheses 1 and 4 Experiment Reject hypotheses 2 and 3 Experiment Modify hypothesis Experiment 4 Experiment 1 Predictions Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Predictions confirmed

14. 14 A hypothesis is a possible explanation for an observation A hypothesis –Must be tested to determine its validity –Is often tested in many different ways –Allows for predictions to be made Iterative –Hypotheses can be changed and refined with new data

15. 15 Experiment –Tests the hypothesis –Must be carefully designed to test only one variable at a time –Consists of a test experiment and a control experiment

16. 16 Predictions –Hypotheses should make predictions –Predictions provide a way to test the validity of hypotheses –Hypothesis must be rejected if the experiment produces results inconsistent with the predictions –The more experimentally supported predictions a hypothesis makes, the more valid the hypothesis

17. 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SCIENTIFIC THINKING Test: Use swan-necked flasks to prevent entry of microorganisms. To ensure that broth can still support life, break swan-neck after sterilization. Question: Broken neck of flask Flask is sterilized by boiling the broth. Unbroken flask remains sterile. Broken flask becomes contaminated after exposure to germ-laden air. Conclusion: Growth in broth is of preexisting microorganisms. What is the source of contamination that occurs in a flask of nutrient broth left exposed to the air? Germ Hypothesis: Preexisting microorganisms present in the air contaminate nutrient broth. Prediction: Sterilized broth will remain sterile if microorganisms are prevented from entering flask. Spontaneous Generation Hypothesis: Living organisms will spontaneously generate from nonliving organic molecules in broth. Prediction: Organisms will spontaneously generate from organic molecules in broth after sterilization. Result: No growth occurs in sterile swan-necked flasks. When the neck is broken off, and the broth is exposed to air, growth occurs.

18. 18 Philosophical approaches to science –Reductionism To break a complex process down to its simpler parts –Systems biology Focus on emergent properties that can’t be understood by looking at simpler parts

19. Models in science –Way to organize thought –Parts provided by reductionist approach –Model shows how they fit together –Suggest experiments to test the model 19

20. 20 Scientific theory –Is a body of interconnected concepts –Is supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning –Expresses ideas of which we are most certain Compare to general meaning of theory –Implies a lack of knowledge or a guess

21. 21 Darwin and Evolution Example of how a scientist develops a hypothesis and a theory gains acceptance Charles Darwin served as naturalist on mapping expedition around coastal South America 30 years of observation and study before publishing On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

22. 22 Voyage of the HMS Beagle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN Marquesas Society Islands Straits of Magellan Cape Horn Tierra del Fuego SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN New Zealand Hobart King George’s Sound Mauritius Bourbon Island NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN Philippine Islands British Isles Western Isles EUROPE ASIA Madagascar Friendly Islands Equator NORTH AMERICA Galápagos Islands NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN Cape Verde Islands Canary Islands AFRICA Sydney AUSTRALIA INDIAN OCEAN Cape of Good Hope Falkland Islands Valparaiso SOUTH AMERICA Port Desire Buenos Aires Montevideo Keeling Islands Bahia Ascension St. Helena Rio de Janeiro

23. Darwin was not the first to propose evolution –Living things have changed over time Darwin’s contribution was a mechanism –Natural selection 23

24. On the Beagle, Darwin saw that characteristics of similar species varied from place to place Galápagos Finches –14 related species differ only slightly –“Descent with modification” or evolution 24 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Woodpecker Finch (Cactospiza pallida) Large Ground Finch (Geospiza magnirostris) Cactus Finch (Geospiza scandens)

25. 25 Darwin studied Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population –Populations of plants and animals increase geometrically –Humans can only increase their food supply arithmetically –Populations of species remain constant because death limits population numbers

26. Darwin saw that although every organism has the potential to produce more offspring, only a limited number do survive and reproduce themselves 26 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2 6 18 54 4 6 8 geometric progression arithmetic progression

27. 27 Evidence supporting Darwin’s theory has only grown –Fossil record Transitional forms have been found at predicted positions in time –Earth’s age Physicists of Darwin’s time were wrong Earth is very old – 4.5 billion years old

28. –Mechanism for heredity Mendel’s laws of inheritance were unknown to Darwin –Comparative anatomy Vertebrate forelimbs all share the same basic array of bones Homologous – same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function Analogous – structures of different origin used for the same purpose (butterfly and bird wings) 28

29. 29 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Human CatPorpoise Horse Bat

30. 30 –Molecular Evidence Compare genomes or proteins of different organisms Phylogenetic trees – based on tracing origin of particular nucleotide changes to reconstruct an evolutionary history HumanRhesusDog Frog Bird Number of Amino Acid Differences in a Hemoglobin Polypeptide 102030706004050 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

31. Unifying Themes in Biology Cell theory –All organisms composed of cells –Cells are life’s basic units –All cells come from preexisting cells 31 a. b. 60 µm 500 µm Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: © Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; b: © Karl E. Deckart/Phototake

32. Molecular basis of inheritance –Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) –Sequence of 4 nucleotides encode cell’s information –Gene – discrete unit of information –Genome – entire set of DNA instructions –Continuity of life depends on faithful copying of DNA into daughter cells 32

33. Structure and function –Study structure to learn function –Know a function – look for that structure in other organisms –Example Receptor on human cell for insulin known Find similar molecule in a worm Might conclude this molecule functions the same in the worm 33

34. Diversity of life arises by evolution –Underlying unity of biochemistry and genetics argues for life from the same origin event –Diversity due to evolutionary change over time –3 domains Bacteria – single-celled prokaryote Archaea – single-celled prokaryote Eukarya – single-celled or multicellular eukaryote 34

35. 35 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Eukarya Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista (plantae middle): © David M. Dennis/Animals Animals; (plantae right): © Corbis/Volume 46 RF; (fungi left): © Royalty Free/Corbis; (fungi middle): © Mediscan/Corbis; (fungi right): © PhotoDisc BS/Volume 15 RF; (animalia left): © Royalty-Free/Corbis; (animalia middle): © Tom Brakefield/Corbis; (animalia right): © PhotoDisc/Volume 44 RF; (protista left): © Corbis/Volume 64 RF; (protista middle): © Tom Adams/Visuals Unlimited; (protista right): © Douglas P. Wilson/Frank Lane Picture Agency/Corbis

36. Evolutionary conservation –All organisms today descended from a simple creature 3.5 BYA –Some characteristics preserved – use of DNA –Conservation reflects that they have a fundamental role 36

37. Cells are information-processing systems –Information in DNA used to direct synthesis of cellular components Control of gene expression leads to different cells/ tissue types –Cells process environmental information Glucose levels, presence of hormones –Cells in multicellular organisms must coordinate with each other 37

38. Nonequilibrium state –Living systems are open systems –Constant supply of energy needed –Self-organizing properties at different levels –Emergent properties from collections of molecules, cells, and individuals 38