1. Chapter 8 Human Development

2. Theories of Development
Developmental Psychology
the study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the life span
covers physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains

3. Issues in Developmental Psychology
Nature – nurture debate
Are you who you are because of genes (nature) or environment (nurture)?
How do we study it?
Monozygotic Twins
Dizygotic Twins
Adoption Studies

4. Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development:
The essence of cognitive development is the refinement of schemes.
Schemes
plans of action to be used in similar circumstances
8.1 How does Piaget's theory
explain cognitive development?

5. Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development
Psychosocial Stages
encompass the entire life span
Each stage is defined by a conflict that must be resolved for healthy personality development to occur.
8.4 How does Erikson's theory
explain psychosocial
development?

6. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development

7. Prenatal Development
The development from conception to birth

8. Period of the zygote Period of the embryo Period of the fetus
Zygote attaches to the uterine lining
Ends 1 to 2 weeks after conception
Period of the embryo
Major systems, organs, and structures of the body develop (organogenesis)
Ends when bone cells appear, 3 to 8 weeks after conception
Period of the fetus
Rapid growth and development of body structures, organs, and systems
9 weeks after conception until birth

9. Table 8.1 Stages of Prenatal Development

10. Prenatal Development and Infancy: Negative Influences on Prenatal Development
Critical Period
prenatal period when certain body structures develop
Teratogens
Any substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm the developing organism .
8.5 What happens in each stage
of prenatal development?

11. Impact of teratogens Smoking and Nicotine Smaller birthweight
Greater risk of SIDS
Greater risk of ADHD
Greater risk of Asthma
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Mother drinks during pregnancy.
Baby is born with mental retardation, small head, facial, organ, and behavioral abnormalities
Fetal Alcohol Effects

13. The photograph at left shows the brain of an infant girl who died at 6 weeks. The mother was categorized as a chronic alcoholic. The child’s head circumference was 27 centimeters at birth and did not grow at all during her 6 weeks of life (normal head circumference is approximately 35 centimeters - about 13 and 3/4 inches).

14. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Male infant born at term and died at 10 weeks due to a sudden cardiac arrest (see picture at right). The mother's alcohol drinking included   up to a gallon of wine at a time several times a week. The child had hydrocephalus (excess water in the brain) and typical facial features of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). The cerebellum (which controls coordination and movement) was "extremely small and poorly shaped (see picture at right)." The brainstem (responsible for processes such as breathing and body temperature) was also grossly malformed.

15. Child with FAS, illustrating many features in the drawing
Child with FAS, illustrating many features in the drawing. Such children may also have cardiovascular and limb defects.

16. Infancy
Critical Periods
“Windows of Opportunity”

17. Prenatal Development and Infancy: Temperament
behavioral style; characteristic way of responding to the environment
influenced by heredity; somewhat predictive of personality later in life
8.7 How does temperament
affect infants' behavior?

18. Attachment
Attachment is the strong affectionate bond a child forms with the mother or primary caregiver

19. Attachment
Freud
Baby attaches to mother because mom provides oral stimulation
Attachment is due to feeding only.

20. Erikson
Trust vs. mistrust
Birth to 1 year

21. Harry Harlow
Harry Harlow found that contact comfort forms the basis of attachment in rhesus monkeys

22. Mary Ainsworth Separation anxiety Stranger anxiety
The Strange Situation
Human infants exhibit separation anxiety and stranger anxiety once attachment has formed, at about 6 to 8 months of age
Separation anxiety
fear and distress shown when parent leaves
Stranger anxiety
fear of strangers

23. Insecure Avoidant attachment
Secure attachment
Use mother as a secure base for exploring
Distressed by separation from caregivers, greet caregivers when they return
More cooperative and content than other infants
Display better social skills as preschool children
Insecure Avoidant attachment
Not responsive to mother, not troubled when she leaves
May actively avoid contact with mother after separation

24. Insecure Resistant attachment
Seek close contact with mother, and tend not to branch out and explore
After separation, may display anger toward mother; not easily comforted
Insecure Disorganized/disoriented attachment
Protest separation, but exhibit contradictory and disoriented behavior when reunited

25. Early and Middle Childhood
Mastery of language, both spoken and written, is just one of several important developmental processes that happen in early and middle childhood.

26. Language Development Babbling One-word stage Two-word stage
Vocalization of basic speech sounds, which begins between 4 and 6 months
One-word stage
First words spoken at about 1 year
First words usually represent objects that move or that infants can act on
Two-word stage
Usually begins about months

27. Socialization Parenting Styles
Baumrind
2 factors:
Discipline and control
Love and affection
Low High

28. Socialization Parenting Styles
Authoritarian parents
Make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioning obedience, punish transgressions
Authoritative parents
Set high but realistic standards, reason with the child, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence
Permissive parents
Make few rules or demands, allow children to make their own decisions and control their own behavior

29. Socialization Parenting Styles - Outcomes
Children with authoritarian parents: withdrawn, anxious, and unhappy
Children with authoritative parents: happier; have higher self-esteem; more self-reliant, socially competent; more responsible than their peers
Children with permissive parents: most immature, impulsive, and dependent, and the least self-reliant and self-controlled

30. Adolescence
Begins at puberty and encompasses the period from the end of childhood to the beginning of independent adulthood

31. Puberty and Sexual Behavior
A period of rapid physical growth and change that culminates in sexual maturity
Puberty and self-concept
Early maturation in boys is associated with higher self-esteem
But may also be associated with greater aggression and hostility
Early maturation in girls is associated with higher risk of eating disorders, earlier sexual experiences, more unwanted pregnancies, and earlier exposure to alcohol and drug use

32. Social Relationships
Most adolescents have good relationships with their parents
Parenting style affects adolescent behavior
Permissive parenting = higher incidence of drug and alcohol use + lower motivation for academic success
Authoritative parenting = more psychological distress + lower self-confidence in adolescents
Peer groups provide adolescents with standards of comparison and a vehicle for developing social skills

33. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development cont…
Identity vs. role confusion
Adolescence
Intimacy vs. isolation
Young adulthood

34. David Elkind Adolescent Egocentrism
Self-centered thinking
Personal fable
Imaginary audience