1. Measuring Toxicity, Risk Assessment, and Public Policy APES 2014

2. MEASURING TOXICITY  Toxicity notes Toxicity notes  LD 50 (lethal dose, 50%)  50% of the test subjects are sensitive  Do all species respond the same way?  Is this really an accurate way to document toxins?

3. MEASURING TOXICITY  Oral LD50 of grain alcohol: 10.6 g/kg in young rats, 7.06 g/kg in aged rats. [4]grain alcohol[4]  Oral LD50 of nicotine: 50 mg/kg in rats. [5]nicotine[5]  Oral LD50 of Sodium chloride: 3000 mg/kg in rats [6]Sodium chloride[6]  LD50 of Tetrahydrocannabinol (active ingredient found in Cannabis): 1270 mg/kg in rats.TetrahydrocannabinolCannabis  LD50 of batrachotoxin: estimated at 1 to 2 µg/kg in humans.batrachotoxinµg  LD50 of Polonium 210: estimated at 10 (inhaled) to 50 (ingested) nanograms in humans makes this one of the most toxic substances known. One gram in theory could poison 100 million people of which 50 million would die.Polonium 210

4. MEASURING TOXICITY  Moderate toxins  1g/kg body weight is lethal  Very toxic  1cg/kg body weight is lethal  Supertoxic  1mg/kg body weight is lethal

5. Acute Effects vs. Chronic Effects  Acute: effects are caused by exposure to a single dose  Chronic: effects develop slowly due to long-term exposure to contaminants in water, food, or the environment  For example if a person drinks too much alcohol on a regular basis then their health may suffer as a result. The alcohol does not have a long biological half-life but it is supplied on a regular basis to the body of the person.alcoholbiological half-life

6. Coffee the killer  Overall, caffeine is found in the beans, leaves, and fruit of over 60 plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.beans leavesfruitplantspesticideparalyzesinsects

7. RISK ASSESSMENT RISK  The probability that something harmful will happen

8. Which is riskier? vs.

9. Which is riskier?

10. How about here?

12. Who is to decide what risk means to you? Watch out for these traps:

13. Risk Assessment Traps  People with an agenda tend to downplay certain risks and bring others to the forefront to further their cause/agenda  Personal experience can be your own worst enemy. Just because something hasn’t kicked your butt yet doesn’t mean it WON’T or CANNOT.  Make sure you understand what the probabilities REALLY mean.  We judge ourselves to be better than we are at most things and that can get you into trouble.  I am lucky, I am wise, that won’t happen to me!  We tend to fear new technology and grab onto familiar stuff that is actually possibly worse for us.

14. WHAT MAKES RISK ACCEPTABLE?  A host of risky behaviors is less common in today’s high school students than in those 15 years earlier, according to a CDC report.  The CDC has a Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Study Survey that is given every two years since 1991. In 2005 it included nearly 14,000 students nationwide in grades 9-12  The survey shows several major changes since 1991, including wearing seatbelts, riding with drivers who had been drinking alcohol, having sexual intercourse, carrying weapons, and using condoms.

15. RISKY BUSINESS People will take risks if the danger is low. If the danger is high, folks are less likely to take risks.

16. Defining RISK is a personal thing  Enjoyment  Profitability  Known vs. unknown  Amount of Control we perceive  How dangerous the results are  Emotions are more important than stats

17. How do you establish public policy?  We assess the risk to the best of our ability  And then we manage the risk as best we can.

18. Standards for Environmental Toxins  Combined effects  Different tolerances/sensitivities  Effects of chronic/acute dosages  Reasonability of the regulations  Cumulative effects of the soup of toxins we are exposed to on a daily basis

19. READ CHAPTER 17