1. A NIMAL E XTENSION ON E ARTH Výukový materiál EK 01 - 17 Tvůrce: Ing. Marie Jiráková Tvůrce anglické verze: Mgr. Milan Smejkal Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR

2. ZOOGEOGRAPHY Zoogeography is the science that studies the distribution of animals on Earth „Border field“

3. BIOSPHERE Zoogeography studies this The biosphere is the part of the planet Earth, which is populated by living organisms

4. BIOSPHERE IS DIVIDED INTO Biocycles marine freshwater continental Animals live here in a different way.

5. R ANGES Range - the geographical area within which species can be found Definition of ranges– a set of all environmentally suitable habitats Habitats – a random occurrence of individuals Habitat – the area that meets the environmental requirements of animals and can be marked on the map

6. R ANGES The ranges of each species varies The size of ranges is given by : historical factors the ability of species to spread ecological valence

7. HISTORICAL FACTORS In continental glaciation– disappearance of thermophilic species In continental warming – cold-species transmission to the north

8. T HE ABILITY OF THE SPECIES TO SPREAD Organisms spread : actively passively Active component– ability of active movement– most developed in birds. Passive component – air, water current, contact hosts – microorganisms, spores, parasitic organisms …

9. ECOLOGICAL VALENCE Important for the formation of ranges The range of any kind is not uniform Survival conditions are optimal in certain parts and worse in other parts Species with wide ecological valence inhabit larger ranges.

10. T HE LARGEST RANGES ARE Cosmopolitan ranges – Often it is connected with the species that can be found near human settlements - synanthropic species, which: Eating stocks – a rat Eating plants –gypsy moth Parasitizing – louse

11. O THER BIG R ANGES : Circumtropical – Occupies the 2-4 tropical continents such as tapir ranges Circumpolar – in the Arctic area such as Arctic fox

12. S MALL RANGES AND M ICRORANGES There are only a few animals with large ranges Most species inhabit small ranges and „microranges“.

13. R ANGES CHANGE arise vanish crumble

14. ENDEMIC RANGE certain animals are found only in a particular place - in an endemic range These are called endemism, such as kiwi occurs only in New Zealand

15. C ONTINENTAL B IOCYCLE We divide it into six major geographical regions that are approximately the same as the continents. Australian region Ethiopian region Indomalayan region Latin American region Nearctic region Palearctic region

16. W ORKSHEETS - REVISION Why is zoogeography referred to as a borderline field? What is the biosphere? How can it be divided? The size of the range is determined by …. What is an endemic range? Please provide some examples.

17. S OURCES : BRANIŠ, Martin. Základy ekologie a ochrany životního prostředí. 2. vyd. Praha: Informatorium, 1999. ISBN 80-86073-52-1. PAPÁČEK, Miroslav a kol. Zoologie. Praha: pedagogické nakladatelství, 2000, ISBN 80-7183- 203-0. KVASNIČKOVÁ, Danuše. Základy ekologie. Praha: Scientia,spol.s r.o., 1994, ISBN 80-85827- 84-0