2. 1 Chapter 8 The Discrete Fourier Transform

3. 2 Introduction  In Chapters 2 and 3 we discussed the representation of sequences and LTI systems in terms of Fourier and z-transforms.  For finite duration sequences, it is possible to develop an alternative Fourier representation, called the discrete Fourier transform (DFT).  The DFT is a sequence rather than a function of a continuous variable. It corresponds to samples, equally spaced in frequency, of the Fourier transform of a signal.  DFT plays a central role in the implementation of a variety of DSP algorithms, because efficient algorithms exist for the computation of DFT (chapter 9).  We will begin by considering the Fourier series representation of periodic sequences. Then we will consider the relationship between periodic sequences and finite-length sequences.

4. 3 The Discrete Fourier Series (1)  We first review the Fourier series for periodic continuous-time signals.  For a continuous-time, T-periodic signal x(t), the Fourier series approximation can be written as where 2  /T is the fundamental frequency.  That is, a periodic signal can be represented by a Fourier series corresponding to a sum of harmonically related complex exponential sequences. Infinitely many harmonically related complex exponentials are required.  The frequency of the complex exponentials are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency (2  /T).

5. 4 The Discrete Fourier Series (2)  Consider a sequence that is periodic with period N, so that for any integer value of n and r.  As with continuous-time periodic signals, such sequences can be represented by a Fourier series corresponding to a sum of harmonically related complex exponential sequences.  The frequency of the complex exponentials are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency (2  /N); i.e., the Fourier series representation has the form

6. 5 The Discrete Fourier Series (3)  The period is 2 , and the fundamental frequency is 2  /N.  Therefore, the discrete-time periodic signal case only requires N harmonically related complex exponentials. Time Frequency Continuous, aperiodic Aperiodic, continuous Discrete, aperiodic Periodic, continuous Continuous, Periodic Aperiodic, discrete Discrete, Periodic Periodic, Discrete

7. 6 The Discrete Fourier Series (4)  Denote. Then, for any integer l, we have Consequently, the set of N periodic complex exponentials e 0 [n], e 1 [n], …, e N-1 [n] defines all the distinct periodic complex exponentials.  Thus, the Fourier series representation of a periodic sequence need contain only N of these complex exponentials. Therefore, it has the form  What is ?

8. 7 The Discrete Fourier Series (5)  To obtain, we multiply both sides by, and summing from n = 0 to n = N –1, we obtain Exploiting the orthogonality of the complex exponentials Therefore, the Fourier series coefficients become

9. 8 The Discrete Fourier Series (6)  is periodic with period N. For integer l, we have  For convenience of notation, we can define. Then the analysis and synthesis pair of discrete Fourier series (DFS) is expressed as analysis equation synthesis equation We can also use the notation

10. 9 Examples of DFS (1) Example 1 - DFS of a Periodic Impulse Train  Consider the periodic impulse train Since for 0 ≤ n ≤ N–1, the DFS coefficients are found as If we synthesize the signal from the DFS coefficients, we have

11. 10 Examples of DFS (2) Example 1 - DFS of a Periodic Impulse Train (N=8)

12. 11 Examples of DFS (3) Example 2 - Duality in the DFS  We see that the two equations of DFS pair are very similar, differing only in a constant multiplier and the sign of the exponents.  Consider the periodic impulse train Then,  Compared with the previous example, we see that

13. 12 Examples of DFS (4) Example 3 – DFS of a Periodic Rectangular Pulse Train  Consider the sequence shown in figure, whose period is N=10. The DFS coefficients become

14. 13 Examples of DFS (5) Example 3 – DFS of a Periodic Rectangular Pulse Train

15. 14 Properties of DFS (1)  It is not surprising that many of the basic properties are analogous to properties of the Fourier and z-transforms. Linearity  Consider two periodic sequences and, both with period N, such that then Shift of a Sequence  If, then

16. 15 Properties of DFS (2) Symmetric Properties  If, then

17. 16 Properties of DFS (3) Symmetric Properties (cont.)  When is real, then

18. 17 Properties of DFS (4) Periodic Convolution  Consider two periodic sequences and, both with period N, and their DFS coefficients are and, respectively. If we form the product, then the periodic sequence with DFS coefficients is  A convolution in the above form is referred to as a periodic convolution.  The duality theorem suggests that, if, then

19. 18 Properties of DFS (5) Periodic Convolution - Example

20. 19 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals (1)  As discussed in Chapter 2, uniform convergence of the Fourier transform of a sequence requires that the sequence be absolutely summable, and mean-square convergence requires that the sequence be square summable. Periodic sequence satisfy neither condition.  However, in Chapter 2, we know that sequences that can be expressed as a sum of complex exponentials can be considered to have a Fourier transform representation in the form of a train of impulse.  Similarly, it is often useful to incorporate the DFS representation of periodic signals within the framework of the Fourier transform. This can be done by interpreting the Fourier transform of a periodic signal to be an impulse train in the frequency domain with the impulse values proportional to the DFS coefficients for the sequence.

21. 20 Fourier Transform of a Constant Consider the sequence x[n]=1for all n. This sequence is neither absolutely summable not square summable, and the Fourier transform does not converge in either the uniform or mean- square sense for this case. However, it is possible and useful to define the Fourier transform of the sequence x[n] to be the periodic impulse train The impulses in this case are functions of a continuous variable and therefore are of “infinite height, zero width, and unit area,” consistent with the fact that Fourier transform does not converge. The above equation is justifies principally because this result leads to correct inverse Fourier transform.

22. 21 Fourier Transform of Complex Exponential Sequences Consider a sequence x[n] whose Fourier transform is the periodic impulse train To obtain the inverse Fourier transform, we can assume that –  <  0 <  in this problem. Then, we need include only the r=0 term, and For  0 =0, this reduces to the sequence of a constant considered in the previous example.

23. 22 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals (2)  If is periodic with period N and its DFS coefficients are, then the Fourier transform of is defined to be the impulse train  To show that is a Fourier transform representation of, we obtain the inverse Fourier transform as (0<  <2  /N)

24. 23 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals (3) Example – The Fourier Transform of a Periodic Impulse Train  Consider a periodic impulse train we know that the DFS coefficients for this sequence are Therefore, the Fourier transform of is

25. 24 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals (4)  Consider a finite-length signal x[n] such that x[n] = 0 except in the intervals 0 ≤ n ≤ N–1, and consider the convolution of x[n] with the periodic impulse train ; i.e.,

26. 25 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals (5)  Denote the Fourier transform of x[n] as X(e j  ), then the Fourier transform of becomes  Compare with the definition of, we conclude that That is, DFS coefficients are the equally spaced samples of X(e j  ), the Fourier transform of

27. 26 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals (6) Example – Relationship between the DFS Coefficients and the Fourier Transform of One Period  Again consider the corresponding one period sequence is

28. 27 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals (7) Example – Relationship between the DFS Coefficients and the Fourier Transform of One Period (cont.)  The Fourier transform of x[n] is and the DFS coefficients are

29. 28 Sampling of the Fourier Transform (1)  We consider in more detail the relationship between X(e j  ) and. Consider an aperiodic sequence x[n] with Fourier transform X(e j  ), and assume that a sequence is obtained by sampling X(e j  ) at frequencies  k =2  k/N; i.e.,  Since the Fourier transform is equal to the z-transform evaluated on the unit circle, it follows that can also be obtained by sampling X(z) at N equally spaced points on the unit circle; i.e., It is clear that the same sequence repeats as k varies outside the range 0 ≤ k ≤ N –1.

30. 29 Sampling of the Fourier Transform (2)  The sequence of samples of X(z), being periodic with period N, could be the sequence of DFS coefficients of a sequence.  The sequence can be obtained as

31. 30 Sampling of the Fourier Transform (3)  Since We have

32. 31 Sampling of the Fourier Transform (4)  In this figure, the sequence x[n] is of length 9. Similar to the sampling problem of a continuous-time signal, when the value of N is larger than the length of x[n], the delayed replications of x[n] do not overlap, and one period of the sequence is recognizable as x[n].  On the other hand, when N is less than the length of x[n], the replicas of x[n] overlap and one period of is no longer identical to x[n]. The next figure shows the case with N = 7.

33. 32 Sampling of the Fourier Transform (5)  To summarize, if x[n] has finite length [cf. continuous-time signal sampling: X(j  ) is bandlimited ] and we take sufficient number [a number greater than or equal to the length of x[n] ] of equally spaced samples of its Fourier transform [cf. continuous- time signal sampling: sampling rate should be larger than the Nyquist rate], then the Fourier transform is recoverable from these samples, and equivalently, x[n] is recoverable from the corresponding periodic sequence through the relation  To recover x[n], it is not necessary to know X(e j  ) at all frequencies if x[n] has finite length.

34. 33 Discrete Fourier Transform (1)  From the above discussion, we understand that, given a finite- length sequence x[n], we can form a periodic sequence, which can be represented by a DFS.  On the other hand, given the sequence of DFS coefficients, we can find and then obtain x[n].  When the DFS is used in this way to represent finite-length sequences, it is called the discrete Fourier transform (DFT).  It is always important to remember that the representation through samples of the Fourier transform is in effect a representation of the finite-duration sequences by a periodic sequence, one period which is finite-duration sequence that we wish to represent.

35. 34 Discrete Fourier Transform (2)  We assume that x[n] = 0 outside the range 0 ≤ n ≤ N – 1. In many instances, we will assume that a sequence has length N even if its length is M ≤ N. In such cases, we simply recognize that the last (N – M ) samples are zero.  When there is no aliasing, the finite-length sequence x[n] and the periodic sequence are associated by An alternative expression is For convenience, we will denote it as

36. 35 Discrete Fourier Transform (3)  The sequence of DFS coefficients are periodic with period N. To maintain a duality between the time and frequency domains, we will choose the Fourier coefficients that are associated with a finite-duration sequence to be a finite-duration sequence corresponding to the one period of. That is and

37. 36 Discrete Fourier Transform (4)  Recall that and are related as The DFT pairs become

38. 37 Discrete Fourier Transform (5)  Generally, the DFT analysis and synthesis equations are written as follows  The relationship between x[n] and X[k] will sometimes be denoted as  It is noted that, if we evaluate x[n] outside 0 ≤ n ≤ N – 1, the result will not be zero, but rather a periodic extension of x[n]. Same can be said for X[k]. In defining the DFT representation, we are simply recognizing that we are only interested in values of x[n] for 0 ≤ n ≤ N – 1 and X[k] for 0 ≤ n ≤ N – 1.

39. 38 Discrete Fourier Transform (6) Example – the DFT of a Rectangular Pulse (N=5)

40. 39 Discrete Fourier Transform (7) Example – the DFT of a Rectangular Pulse (N=10)

41. 40 Homework Assignments (10) 8.5 8.7 8.24