1. The African Public Service and Administration Charter: Aspirational statement or Implementable change initiative Hanlie van Dyk-Robertson, CEO, AMDIN and Research Fellow at the Graduate School for Public and Development Management, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa

2. Historical overview

3. Charter time-line Rabat Declaration, December 1998: Mandate to develop Charter Windhoek, February 2001 Adoption Charter for African Public Administration Midrand, Oct 2008 African Charter for the Values and Principles of Public Service and Administration Addis Ababa, December 2006 Algeria entrusted with revision process Gaborone, July 2007 SADC revision workshop Algiers, December 2007 North & West Africa + Revision workshop

4. Content changes

5. Comparison of content between 2001 and 2008 versions 2008 version structured in 7 Chapters, with 31 Articles (previously 3 main parts with 29 Articles) 2008 version less elaboration, more point form Choose to define different concepts Substantial objectives statement (9) replaces articles on purpose and scope Norms and principles in line with what deemed international practice: –respect for human right, –Rule of Law; –accessibility of public services; –people-centred public service; –open information systems; –efficiency and quality services; –modernisation and –provision for popular participation

6. Comparison of content between 2001 and 2008 versions Some noticeable variations: –Issue of skill and updating of knowledge removed from discussion re “professionalism” –However, training systems and a network of training institutions specifically provided for –New chapter dealing with rights of public service employees, most notably introducing right to freedom of speech and association, i.e. public service unionisation, social benefits –Separate chapter re management and development of human resources

7. Comparison implementation modalities 2008 version much more extensive, distinguishing roles at national; regional and continental level. Previously focussed on sensitisation – now legislative, executive and administrative initiatives and alignment of national reform initiatives with Charter content Much stronger role at continental level with special role for the Ministers’ Conference Reporting requirement to the African Union and its structures, with scope for the AU Assembly to take measures against defaulting state members

8. What made implementation difficult during 2001-2008 period

9. Workshop findings 2007/2008: Problems with implementation Instability at the political level Inertia and active resistance by public servants to embrace a changed public service culture; Challenges with aligning national and sectoral programmes of public service change/ reform with the Charter Resource constraints Little financial incentives available to support and reward change Training budget which is constantly under threat for re-allocation to other tasks Complex institutional arrangements Inadequate monitoring and evaluation systems to track the change process; Little attention to sensitization about and training programmes in terms of the Charter – both public servants and ordinary citizens Accessibility of the Charter document The initial Charter not a formally adopted AU document with enforceability in the AU structures

10. Implementation of the African Public Service Charter

11. Implementation Analysis Substantive content of the policy. The more complex and far reaching the change the least likely the chances of successful implementation. The Charter is a wide raging document, touching on a very broad range of issue, seeking change on a wide front of many intractable problems. The context in which the change is being sought. Africa is the most difficult continent to achieve policy implementation Many policy demands and resource restrictions The political and administrative cultures themselves are also significant obstacles to implementation. Champions and commitment The status of the “Champion” in the Minister’s Conference The Ministers conference also saw a change in leadership that may affect the championing of this particular initiative. African Union processes and the structural relation of the AU with the Ministers conference is also likely to make adoption and domestication challenging. Communications and consultation: Charter consulted within relative closed policy community No broad processes of communications and consultation have been opened up prior to the October conference, nor in the subsequent 6 months. Important constituencies that could make a significant contribution regarding the implementation process is hitherto left out of the process, vide the SIAs and MDIs.

12. ASimplifying FactorBComplicating FactorC √√√ Where did the impetus for the initiative come from? Inside the countryOutside the country √ Inside government √ Outside government Who decided on the policy/ initiative and how? With democratic legislative process √ Without democratic legislative process With widespread participationWithout widespread participation √ What is the nature of the benefits and to whom do they accrue? Visible √ Invisible ImmediateLong term √ Dramatic √ Marginal What is the nature of the costs and who bears them? InvisibleVisible √ Long termImmediate √ MarginalDramatic √ Source: Brinkerhoff, 2002

13. ASimplifying FactorBComplicating Factor C √√ √ How complex are the changes Few changesMany changes √ Few decision makersMany decision-makers √ Small departure from current practices, roles and behaviours Large departure from current practices, roles and behaviours √ Limited discretionLarge discretion √ Low technical sophistication √ High technical sophistication Low administrative complexityHigh administrative complexity √ Geographically concentratedGeographically dispersed √ Normal pace √ Urgent/ emergency pace Single eventPermanent changes √ Low level of conflict about nature and value of the changes High level of conflict about nature and value of changes √ Source: Brinkerhoff, 2002

14. Concluding statements

15. CONCLUSIONS Implementation road will be difficult Will not be able to prove causal relationship Symbolic policy Opening the space and providing structure to extensive public sector change on the continent