1. States of Consciousness Chapter 7

2. Bell Ringer
During halftime of the Super Bowl, a psychological concept we learned was displayed? What was it?
Hint 1: It had nothing to do with any of the performers.
Hint 2: It all depended on how you viewed it.
Hint 3: See next slide.

3. Answer: Gestalt Principle – taking individual things and making them one.
My hope is you saw it and told whoever you were watching with about it. 1,000,000 points if you did.

4. States of Consciousness
Consciousness and Information Processing
Sleep and Dreams
Biological Rhythms
The Rhythm of Sleep
Sleep Disorders
Dreams

5. States of Consciousness
Hypnosis
Facts and Falsehoods
Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness?
Drugs and Consciousness
Dependence and Addiction
Psychoactive Drugs
Influences on Drug Use
Near-Death Experiences

6. Fact or Fiction T F 1. Consciousness has an unlimited capacity.
T F 2. Most university students are “evening” persons whose performance improves
throughout the day.
T F 3. People who sleep seven to eight hours a night tend to outlive those who are chronically
sleep-deprived.
T F 4. The most common dreams are those with sexual imagery.
T F 5. The majority of the characters in men’s dreams are female.
T F 6. Most psychologists believe that dreams provide a key to understanding our inner
conflicts.

7. Forms of Consciousness
Consciousness, modern psychologists believe, is an awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Bill Ling/ Digital Vision/ Getty Images
Stuart Franklin/ Magnum Photos
AP Photo/ Ricardo Mazalan
Christine Brune

8. Consciousness & Information Processing
The unconscious mind processes information simultaneously on multiple tracks, while the conscious mind processes information sequentially.
Conscious mind
Unconscious mind

9. Biological Rhythms Biological rhythms are controlled by
internal “biological clocks.” There are 4 “clocks” we follow.
1. Annual cycles: On an annual cycle, geese migrate, grizzly bears hibernate, and humans experience seasonal variations in appetite, sleep, and mood. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder people experience during dark winter months.
OBJECTIVE 2| Distinguish four types of biological rhythms, and give and example of each.

10. Biological Rhythms
2. 28-day cycles: The female menstrual cycle averages 28 days. Research shows menstruation may not affect moods.

11. Biological Rhythms
3. 24-hour cycles: Humans experience 24-hour cycles of varying alertness (sleep), body temperature, and growth hormone secretion.
As the day progresses, our body goes on a “biological clock” roller coaster

12. Biological Rhythms
4. 90-minute cycles: We go through various stages of sleep in 90-minute cycles.
We will discuss tomorrow

13. Homework Read pg 271-289 Complete terms for the same pages
Complete a 4 night sleep journal (handout)

14. Bell Ringer Take 5 minutes to answer #1 on paper
What time(s) of day are you most productive? Least productive? Explain
Sleep journal - recap

15. Review – What are the 4 biological clocks we discussed yesterday
Review – What are the 4 biological clocks we discussed yesterday? What are examples of each?
Annual Cycle
28 Day Cycle
24 Hour Cycle (Circadian Rhythm)
90 Minute Cycle (Sleep)

16. Rhythm of Sleep
Circadian Rhythms occur on a 24-hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness, which are disrupted during transcontinental flights.
Illustration © Cynthia Turner 2003
Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease
melatonin (hormone that induces drowsiness) in the morning, from the pineal gland,
and increase it at night fall.
OBJECTIVE 3| Describe the cycle of our circadian rhythm, and identify some events that can disrupt this biological clock.

17. Riddle
What is it that we don’t know we are doing it until we aren’t doing it anymore? Answer - SLEEPING

18. Sleep – the irresistible tempter to whom we inevitably succumb.
Sleep & Dreams
Sleep – the irresistible tempter to whom we inevitably succumb.
Mysteries about sleep and dreams have just started
unraveling in sleep laboratories around the world.

19. Sleep Stages
Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.
OBJECTIVE 4| List the stages of sleep cycle, and explain how they differ.
Hank Morgan/ Rainbow

20. CPS = Cycles Per Second – 1 Cycle is from peak to peak.
Awake & Alert
During strong mental engagement, the brain exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta waves (15-30 cps). An awake person involved in a conversation shows beta activity.
CPS = Cycles Per Second – 1 Cycle is from peak to peak.
Beta Waves

21. Awake but Relaxed
When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity.

22. Sleep Stages 1-2
During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps). A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity.
Theta Waves

23. Sleep Stages 3-4
During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps).

24. Stage 5: REM Sleep
After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused state.
A person during this sleep exhibits Rapid Eye Movements (REM)and reports vivid dreams.

25. 90 Minutes

26. 90-Minute Cycles During Sleep
As you analyze the graph, what can you say occurs the longer you are asleep?
The amount of deep sleep (stage 3 and 4) decreases and the amount of REM sleep increases

27. Assignment and Homework
Read the articles and complete the document analysis sheets for each.
Remember – read and complete terms from pg for quiz on Friday
Terms will be checked Thursday.

28. Bell Ringer What stage of sleep is this person displaying?
Hold one finger for stage 1, two fingers for stage 2, three fingers for stage 3, four fingers for stage 4, and five fingers for REM.

29. What occurs during each stage of sleep?
Stages 1-4 are considered nREM (non-REM) – we spend about 75% of our sleep in these stages. About 50% in stage 2. Stage 5 is REM stage – we spend about 25% in REM sleep = (100 minutes)

30. Stage 1 and 2 Stage 1 * Between being awake and falling asleep
Light sleep
Dream like hallucinations – floating - aliens
Stage 2
* Onset of sleep
* Becoming disengaged from surroundings
* Breathing and heart rate are regular
Body temperature drops (so sleeping in a cool room is helpful)
Sleep talking usually occurs during this stage

31. Stages 3 and 4 * Deepest and most restorative sleep
* Blood pressure drops
* Breathing becomes slower
* Muscles are relaxed
* Blood supply to muscles increases
* Tissue growth and repair occurs
* Energy is restored
Hormones are released, such as: Growth hormone, essential for development
Towards the end of stage 4 – bedwetting and sleep walking may occur

32. Stage 5 (RapidEyeMovement)
* First occurs about 90 minutes after falling asleep and recurs about every 90 minutes * Provides energy to brain and body * Supports daytime performance * Brain is active and dreams occur * Eyes dart back and forth * Body becomes immobile and relaxed, as muscles are turned off * Heart rate and breathing increase * Dreaming occurs

33. Other things to know about REM stage
It wasn’t until 1952 that we started to understand REM sleep – University of Chicago
During scary dreams, genital arousal occurs in both men and women
A typical 25 year old male will have an erection nearly half the night
Men that suffer erectile dysfunction also experience arousal – shows their dysfunction might be psychological and not physical
We average about 1500 dreams a year (4-5 a night) and 100,000 a lifetime
Almost everyone dreams but not all are recalled

34. We spend one-third of our lives sleeping.
Why do we sleep?
We spend one-third of our lives sleeping.
If an individual remains awake for several days, they deteriorate in terms of immune function, concentration, and accidents.
OBJECTIVE 5| Explain why sleep patterns and duration vary from person to person.
Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis

35. Sleep Deprivation Fatigue and subsequent death.
Impaired concentration.
Emotional irritability.
Depressed immune system.
Greater vulnerability.
OBJECTIVE 6| Discuss several risks associated with sleep deprivation.

36. Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep

37. Homework Terms through pg 289 are due tomorrow Quiz Friday
Know the 5 sleep disorders we covered for an activity Thursday.

38. Bell Ringer
With your neighbor, come up with 3 reasons you think human beings sleep. 3 minutes

39. Sleep Theories – Why do we sleep?
Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way.
Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue.
Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories.
Sleep and Growth: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.
OBJECTIVE 7| Identify four theories of why we sleep.

40. Sleep disorders
If you have trouble getting to sleep or sleeping through the night, if you wake up too early or have a hard time waking up at all, or if you are overly tired during the day, you may have a sleep problem.

41. What Are Sleep Disorders?
Sleep disorders are conditions that affect how much and how well you sleep. The causes range from poor habits that keep you awake to medical problems that disrupt your sleep cycle. Insufficient sleep is a serious problem that poses a threat to your health and safety.

42. The Dangers of Poor Sleep?
Lack of sleep can take a toll on nearly every aspect of daily life. Research has linked sleep deprivation to car accidents, relationship troubles, poor job performance, job-related injuries, memory problems, and mood disorders. Recent studies also suggest sleep disorders may contribute to heart disease, obesity, and diabetes.

43. Symptoms of Sleep Disorders
Symptoms vary depending on the type of sleep disorder but may include:
Excessive sleepiness during the day
Trouble falling asleep or staying asleep
Snoring or brief pauses in breathing during sleep
Urge to move your legs at rest or an uncomfortable feeling in the legs at night

44. How Much Sleep Is Enough?
Sleep needs vary widely from person to person, but general guidelines are:
9 hours for teenagers.
7-8 hours for adults.
16 hours for infants.

45. Types of Sleep Disorders, their symptoms, possible causes/effects,and treatment
INSOMINIA
SLEEP APNEA
RESTLESS LEG SYNDROME
NARCOLEPSY
SLEEPWALKING (Somnambulism)
NIGHTMARES and NIGHT TERRORS

46. Insomnia
Most people have trouble sleeping once in awhile, but when the problem lingers night after night you may have insomnia. People with insomnia may lie awake for hours before falling asleep. They may wake up too early and be unable to drift off again. Or they may wake up repeatedly throughout the night. Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder in the U.S.

47. Possible causes of Insomina
In many cases, insomnia is related to poor sleep hygiene. This refers to bad habits that interfere with sleep. Examples include drinking coffee in the afternoon or evening, smoking or eating heavy foods before bed, going to bed at a different time each night, or falling asleep with the television or lights on.

48. or… Insomina might be caused by:
Mental health problems can lead to insomnia. These include depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Unfortunately, some of the medications used to treat these conditions may also cause sleep problems.

49. Pre-existing conditions that might cause Insomnia
Insomnia is often related to medical problems, including:
Arthritis Heartburn
Chronic pain Asthma
COPD-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Heart failure (due to breathing problems)
Thyroid problems
Neurological disorders, such as stroke, Alzheimer's or Parkinson's

50. other causes of Insomnia:
Insomnia can occur during pregnancy, especially in the first and 3rd trimesters. The problem may return during menopause, when hot flashes can interrupt a good night's sleep. Both men and women tend to have more sleep problems over age 65. And shift workers and frequent fliers can develop a circadian rhythm disorder. In this case, a sort of "internal body clock" that controls sleep, hormone production, and other body functions is disturbed.

51. Sleep Apnea
People with this sleep disorder have episodes when they stop breathing many times while they sleep. The breathing pauses last several seconds and trigger a switch from deep sleep to light sleep. These interruptions can lead to daytime sleepiness. Many people with sleep apnea don't know they have it. Snoring is a common warning sign, and a spouse may notice breathing pauses followed by a snort or gasp.

52. Risk Factors for Sleep Apnea
Sleep apnea is most common in people who are male, overweight, and over age 65. Hispanics, African-Americans, and Pacific Islanders also have a higher risk of developing the condition. While it is more common in adults, sleep apnea sometimes occurs in young children who have enlarged tonsils.

53. Restless Leg Syndrome
People with restless legs syndrome experience discomfort and the urge to move the legs at rest. The problem is usually at its worst during the evening and night. This can make it tough to fall asleep. Others experience twitching motions during sleep that may cause brief awakenings.

54. Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy causes extreme sleepiness during the day. People may find it hard to function without naps, despite spending enough time in bed at night. Other warning signs include:
Being unable to move when you first wake
Losing muscle control with strong emotions
Dreaming during naps
Dream-like hallucinations as you fall asleep or wake up

55. Narcolepsy continued:
People with narcolepsy enter REM sleep almost immediately, without the NREM sleep stages that normally lead up to dream sleep.

56. Sleepwalking
People with this sleep problem can literally get up and walk while they are sleeping. The episodes occur during the deeper stages of NREM sleep, and the person may do a variety of activities without waking up. Sleepwalkers typically don't respond to questions and won't remember what they did once they wake up. Sleepwalking is most common in children but can last into adulthood.

57. Identifying Sleep Disorders
Sleep Diary
Charting your habits for 1-2 weeks can provide valuable information. Include:
When you go to bed, fall asleep, and wake
How long and well you slept
Time awake during the night
Caffeine or alcohol consumed and when
What/when you ate and drank
Emotion or stress
Drugs or medications

58. Diagnosing Sleep Disorders
To diagnose a sleep disorder, your doctor will ask about your sleep habits and medical conditions. Next, you may be referred to a sleep clinic for testing. A polysomnogram, also called a sleep study, records brain activity, eye movements, and breathing while you sleep. These patterns can indicate a disorder like sleep apnea or a less common type.

59. Bell Ringer
Since we have covered the Sleep Unit all week, I think it only fitting that today we…
SLEEP

60. Imagine being in this big, warm, comfortable bed
Imagine being in this big, warm, comfortable bed. Close your eyes and drift away to Sleepytown.
WAKE UP SLEEPYHEAD

61. Instead of you sleeping, here is a video of me sleeping.
Just Kidding – I am not going to let you sleep in class – You know better than that.
Instead of you sleeping, here is a video of me sleeping.
ENJOY

62. There are several forms of treatment for sleep disorders

63. Treatment
For sleep apnea, a CPAP device increases air pressure to keep airways open so you can rest more soundly without the breathing pauses that interrupt sleep.

64. Treatment
Narcolepsy and restless legs syndrome can be treated with lifestyle changes and prescription medication. There are also effective medications for insomnia. However, many people can beat insomnia without medication by changing poor sleep habits and taking care of related conditions.

65. Psychological Treatment
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Several methods can ease sleep anxiety, which makes insomnia worse. Relaxation training and biofeedback help to calm your breathing, heart rate,  muscles, and mood. Talk therapy can help replace bedtime worries with positive thinking, so your mind can settle down at night. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) works as well as prescription drugs for many people with chronic insomnia.

66. Other ways to improve sleep habits
Sleep Hygiene: Exercise
Adopting habits that promote sleep is known as good sleep hygiene. Regular exercise should be part of the plan, but the timing is important. Exercise in the late afternoon can make it easier to fall and stay asleep – just don't let it get too late. Exercise within a couple hours of bedtime can make it harder to fall asleep.

67. What else can be done to improve sleep habits?
Sleep Hygiene: Problem Foods
Certain foods and drinks should be avoided in the 4-6 hours before bed:
Caffeine, including coffee, tea, and soda
Heavy or spicy foods
Alcohol (While alcohol helps some people fall asleep, it leads to nighttime awakenings.)

68. Sleep Hygiene: Technology
Turn it off…
Sleep Hygiene: Technology
Late-night technology may be part of your routine, but chances are it is not helping you sleep. Television engages the mind and can increase alertness, keeping you awake. Playing video games before bed or surfing the Internet may have the same effect. The National Sleep Foundation recommends removing televisions and computers from your bedroom altogether.

69. Sleep Hygiene: Bedtime Rituals
Routine, what routine?
Sleep Hygiene: Bedtime Rituals
You can signal your mind and body that it's time for sleep by creating a bedtime ritual. This may include a warm bath, reading a chapter of a book, or practicing relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing. It's also important to stick to a firm bedtime and wake-up time, even on the weekends.
Personal commentary from Mr. Guarnieri –
That routine shouldn’t include eating, exercising, watching TV, being on the phone/computer, or doing anything else that might excite you.

70. Two other sleep sisorders
Nightmares: Frightening dreams that wake a sleeper from REM.
Night terrors: Sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) that occur during SWS.
OBJECTIVE 8| Identify major sleep disorders.

71. Nightmares vs Night Terrors
Screaming, crying, thrashing during sleep; may appear partially aroused, anxious and agitated.
May begin at age four or five (or at times later).
Mostly during nondreaming sleep; episodes start within two hours of going to sleep and last five to fifteen minutes; occur most often when child has a fever or sleep schedules are disrupted.
Goes back to sleep quickly.
No memory of the episode.
Treatment with medications not effective; try putting child to bed a little earlier to avoid tiredness.
Most children outgrow having night terrors
Nightmare
Frightening dream; child may awaken afraid and crying.
Frequently first occurs in toddlers and older.
Often in the second part of the night during intense dreaming.
May have trouble going back to sleep due to anxiety.
May remember the dream and talk about it.
Awaken and comfort your child; talk to him to ease any stress that may be bothering him; avoid watching TV before bedtime.
Talk to pediatrician if child complains of nightly nightmares.

72. Answer the questions that go with each video

73. Homework Review for quiz – Pg 271-289 in text - Monday
Monday – Begin Dream unit.

74. Quiz Review Guide – You have 15 minutes to review
Terms for sleep unit
“Biological clocks”
Stages of sleep
Reasons for Sleep
Sleep disorders
What occurs during sleep stages
I am collecting terms and sleep journals

75. Bell Ringer – Sleep review T/F
Ans F T
During sleep, your brain rest.
You cannot learn to function normally with one or two fewer hours of sleep than you need.
Bordom makes you sleepy, even if you had enough sleep.
Resting in bed with your eyes closed cannot satisfy your body’s need for sleep.
Snoring is not harmful as long as it doesn’t disturb others or wake you up.
Everyone dreams nightly.

76. 7. The older you get, the fewer hours of sleep you will need.
8. Most people don’t know when they are sleepy.
9. Raising the volume of your radio will help you stay awake while driving.
10. Sleep disorders are mainky due to worry or psychological problems.
11. The human body never adjusts to night shift work (3rd shift).
12. Most sleep disorders go away, even without treatment.
7. F
8. T
9. F
10. F
11.T
12. F

77. Dreams
The link between REM sleep and dreaming has opened up a new era of dream research.

78. What do we Dream?
Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content.
Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune.
Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30.
Dreams of Gender: Women dream of men and women equally; men dream more about men than women.
OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the most common content of dreams.

79. Why do we dream?
Wish Fulfillment: Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream’s manifest (apparent) content may also have symbolic meanings (latent content) that signify our unacceptable feelings.
Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories.
OBJECTIVE 10| Compare the major perspectives on why we dream.

80. Why do we dream?
Physiological Function: Dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways. Neural networks of newborns are quickly developing; therefore, they need more sleep.

81. Why do we dream?
Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity.
Cognitive Development: Some researchers argue that we dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive development.
All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When
deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep,
we show increased REM sleep called REM Rebound.

82. Dream Theories Summary

83. Common Dream Symbols
Animals – represents connection to nature and survival – being chased represents repressed emotions like fear and aggression
Babies – symbolize a literal desire to produce or own vulnerability or need to feel loved – new start
Being chased – feel threatened by what is chasing you (representation)
Clothes – how we want/feel others view us
Exams – self-evaluation
Death – of friend or loved on represents change (it is not a paranormal prediction) – coming to terms with the loss

84. Falling – common dream that relates ot our anxieties about letting go, losing control, or failing
Food – symbolize knowledge – “food for thought”
Demons – repressed emotions – secretly feel the need to change your behaviors
Hair – significant ties with sexuality, according to Freud – abundant hair = virility; losing hair = loss of drive; can also symbolize fear of becoming unattractive
Killing – desire to kill part of your personality you aren’t happy with – hostility towards someone – want them to suffer
Mountains – obstacles – climbing represents achievement – view from represents your life

85. Nudity – most common dream symbols – revealing true self to others – vulnerability – urges
Roads – direction in life – question your life path
Sex – intimacy or desire for sex
Teachers – represent authority figures with power of enlightenment
Teeth – common – losing teeth shows a fear of getting old or unattractive – Good teeth=good health; bad teeth=bad health
Trapped – inability to escape or make right choices
Vehicles – represents control over life (in control or someone else driving)
Water – represent subconscious mind – calm or rough

86. Bell Ringer – Discuss with your neighbor
What do you think of when you hear the word “hypnotize”?

87. Hypnosis
A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
OBJECTIVE 11| Define hypnosis, and note some similarities between the behavior of hypnotized people and that of motivated unhypnotized people.
Hypnos: Greek god of sleep

88. Aspects of Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Suggestion: Suggestion carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized.
Posthypnotic Amnesia: Supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis.

89. Facts and Falsehood
Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion.
Can anyone experience hypnosis?
Yes, to some extent.
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?
OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss the characteristics of people who are susceptible to hypnosis, and evaluate claims that hypnosis can influence people’s memory, will, health, and perception of pain.
No.

90. Facts and Falsehood
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
No.
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too.
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
Yes. Lamaze can do that too.

91. Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness?
Social Influence Theory: Hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role.
Divided Consciousness Theory: Hypnosis is a special state of dissociated (divided) consciousness (Hilgard, 1986, 1992).
Courtesy of News and Publications Service, Stanford University
OBJECTIVE 13| Give arguments for and against hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness.
(Hilgard, 1992)

92. Both Theories
Mimi Forsyth

93. Drugs…
What are the first three things you think of when you hear the word “DRUGS”?
Are there “good” drugs and “bad” drugs?

94. Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (effects consciousness).
OBJECTIVE 14| Define psychoactive drug.

95. Dependence & Addiction
Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces tolerance. With repeated exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect.
OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss the nature of drug dependence, and identify three common misconceptions about drug addiction.

96. Graph that displays tolerance

97. Withdrawal & Dependence
Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal.
Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence).

98. Misconceptions about Addiction
Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse consequences (physical & psychological).
Addictive drugs quickly corrupt.
Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily.
Addiction is no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors.
Addictive drugs quickly corrupt: After taking drugs only (perhaps) 10% become addict.
Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily: It can be to a large extent.
Addiction not different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors: Indeed. But should we stretch the concept to cover social behaviors?

99. Bell Ringer – What are the three types of Psychoactive Drugs?
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
OBJECTIVE 16| Name the main categories of psychoactive drugs, and list three ways these substances can interfere with neurotransmission in the brain.

100. Depressants
Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include:
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Opiates
OBJECTIVE 17| Explain how depressants affect nervous system activity and behavior, and summarize the findings on alcohol use and abuse.

101. Alcohol
Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness.
Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images
Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS
Drinking and Driving

102. Barbiturates
Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Get their name because they are derived from barbituric acid.
AKA – Tranquilizers.

103. Depressants
3. Opiates: Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive.

104. Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
OBJECTIVE 18| Identify the major stimulants, and explain how they affect neural activity and behavior.

105. Caffeine & Nicotine
Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy.

106. Amphetamines
Amphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes, with devastating effects.
National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works

107. Ecstasy
Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory.
Greg Smith/ AP Photos

108. Cocaine
Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.

109. Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
OBJECTIVE 19| Describe the physiological and psychological effects of hallucinogens and summarize the effects of LSD and marijuana.
Ronald K. Siegel

110. Hallucinogens
LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful hallucinogenic drug (ergot fungus) that is also known as acid.
THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
Hemp Plant

111. Drugs
Summary

112. Classwork use Biological
Create a BioPsychoSocial chart that describes drug use.
Drug
use
Psychological
Biological
Social/Cultural

113. Influences on Drug Use
The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.

114. Influences on Drug Use
The graph below shows the percentage of US high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine from the 70s to the late 90s.
OBJECTIVE 20| Discuss the biological, psychological and social-cultural factors that contribute to drug use.

116. Marijuana Use – If risk is perceived…
Cause and Effect of perceived risk – What do you think happens to the usage of marijuana when there is perceived risk?
The use of marijuana in teenagers is directly related to the “perceived risk” involved with the drug.

117. Trends in drug use…
Marijuana use in high school has seen a steady increase over the last 20 years.
11.4 percent of 12th graders—one in nine reported using synthetic marijuana.
Inhalant use by younger teens dropped from 8.3 percent of 8th graders and 6.6 percent of 10th graders to 6.2 percent and 4.1 percent, respectively.
Cocaine by 12th graders dropped from 5.2 percent to 2.7 percent from 2007 to 2012.
Ecstasy by 12th graders decreased from 5.3 percent in 2011 to 3.8 percent in Use also dropped in 10th and 8th graders
Other drugs, such as heroin, methamphetamine, and hallucinogens, are holding fairly steady.

118. Trends continued…
In 2012, 3.6 percent of 8th graders, 14.5 percent of 10th graders, and 28.1 percent of 12th graders reported getting drunk in the past month.
In 2012, 23.7 percent of high-school seniors reported binge drinking (defined as 5 or more drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks).
Cigarette smoking by high-school students peaked in 1996–1997 and has declined since percent of 12th graders were current (past-month) cigarette smokers—22.9 percent were current marijuana smokers.

120. Bell Ringer
On the provided paper, write three words that describe how you feel right this very moment.
After eating the piece of chocolate, write three words that describe how you feel immediately after eating the chocolate.
3 Minutes after eating the chocolate, use three words to describe how you feel now.

121. Health effects of drug use
Cannabis (Marijuana)
Short Term: Heightened sensory perception; euphoria, followed by drowsiness/relaxation; impaired short-term memory, attention, judgment, coordination and balance; increased heart rate; increased appetite.
Long Term: Addiction: About 9 percent of users; about 1 in 6 of those who started using in their teens; 25 to 50 % of daily users. Mental disorders: is associated with depression and anxiety. Smoking related: chronic cough; bronchitis.
Withdrawal Symptoms: irritability, difficulty sleeping, anxiety

122. Cocaine
Short Term: Dilated pupils; increased body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure – decreased appetite and sleep. Erratic and violent behavior – panic attacks Long Term: Addiction, restlessness, irritability, paranoia, mood disturbances, insomnia, nasal and throat damage, intestinal issues Withdrawal Symptoms: depression, fatigue, increased appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, vivid unpleasant dreams, cognitive delay

123. Alcohol
Short Term: Personal injury, accidents, aggression, relationship problems, illness, limit brain function, coordination, sensory perception, and gateway to use other narcotics Long Term: Alcohol affects every organ in the drinker's body and can damage a developing fetus.; heavy use can increase risk of certain cancers, stroke, and liver disease. Withdrawal: Often called hangover, the body craves alcohol and creates headaches, diarrhea, stomach issues, excessive tiredness, and irritability

124. Prescription stimulants
Short Term: increased alertness, attention, energy, irregular heartbeat, dangerously high temperature, heart failure or seizures Long Term: anxiety, hostility, paranoia, psychosis; addiction and over dosage Withdrawal Symptoms: Depression, fatigue, apetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, vivid dreams, coginitve delay

125. Methamphetamine
Short Term: Mood, increase heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, increased energy, decreased appetite, dry mouth, jaw-clenching Long Term: Addiction, memory loss, weight loss, impaired cognition, insomnia, anxiety, confusion, paranoia, aggression, hallucinations, violence, organ damage, dental problems, heart problems. Withdrawal Symptoms: depression, anxiety fatigue, drug craving

126. Inhalants
Short Terms: Confusion, nausea, slurred speech, lack of concentration, dizziness, drowsiness, lightheadedness, hallucinations/delusions, suffocation, seizures, heart failure, coma Long Term: Myelin damage leading to muscle spasms, tremors, motor impairment, organ damage. Addiction Withdrawal Sympoms: irritability, restlessness, insomnia, headaches, poor concentration

127. Hallucinogens - LSD, PCP, Psilocybin, Salvia, Ketamine, MDMA (Ecstasy)
Short Term: Depression, arousal, paranoia, impulsive behavior, shift in emotions, distortions in perception, increased body temp, heart rate, blood pressure, nausea, loss of appetite, sweating, dry mouth, jaw-clenching, numbness, sleeplessness, dizziness, weakness, tremors Long Term: Flashbacks, hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, death Withdrawal Symptoms: not listed

128. Heroin and Opium
Short Term: Warm skin feeling, dry mouth, periods of wakeful and drowsy states, itching, nausea Long Term: Addiction, dependence, collapsed veins, abscesses, infection of heart, arthritis Withdrawal: restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes, leg movements

129. Near-Death Experiences
After a close brush with death, many people report an experience of moving through a dark tunnel with a light at the end. Under the influence of hallucinogens, others report bright lights at the center of their field of vision.
(From “Hallucinations” by R.K. Siegel. Copyright
© 1977 Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.)
OBJECTIVE 21| Describe the near-death and the controversy over whether it provides evidence for mind-body dualism.

130. Mind-Body Problem
Near-death experiences raise the mind-body issue. Can the mind survive the dying body?
Dualism: Dualists believe that mind (non-physical) and body (physical) are two distinct entities that interact.
Monism: Monists believe that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.

131. Quiz – Ch 7 pt 2 - Wednesday
You will have a quiz from Hypnosis to Near Death Experience. This includes Psychoactive Drugs.
25 MC + 1 Essay