1. Reach for the Stars Presented by Linder Winter National Event Supervisor Member: E-S Rules Committee

2. The Chandra X-ray Center Sponsors my participation. Please record your name, e-mail address, and physical address on the sign-in sheet. The Chandra X-ray Center uses this information to determine which workshops it will continue to support and may contact you to ask whether you are using the Chandra Educational activities. It is NASA’s policy to not reveal your personal information to others.

3. Presentation Outline Resources 1. Clinic website 2. Stellar Journey Game 3. Stellar Cycle Cards 4. Other Worlds Educational Enterprises handout Event rules discussion Content information for participants

4. Reach for the Stars Part I: Event Rules

5. Event Rotation  The original “Reach for the Stars” event has been split into two separate, rotating events. Each topic has a consecutive two-year run. 1. Reach for the Stars (2008-2009) 2. The Solar System (2010-2011) 3. Pattern is then repeated …  Motivation for splitting the event was to spread the immense body of accumulated knowledge over a longer period of time.

6. Deviation from the Original “Reach for the Stars” Event “Reach for the Stars” is now solely a “stars” event and, as such, will no longer include: 1. location and identification of planets on star charts, etc. 2. the term “zodiac” to avoid the pseudo-science of astrology. 3. or references to asterisms.

7. Parent/Community Volunteers With the ever-increasing responsibilities associated with teaching, seek out volunteers to coach as many of the events as possible. Parents, especially, like their children to be successful and cherish opportunities to play a larger role in their lives.

8. Parent/Community Volunteers Should you choose to pass this event on to a volunteer, provide him/her with a copy of this PowerPoint presentation. It will provide guidance and direction for individuals unfamiliar with the Science Olympiad. Check with the volunteer frequently to provide assistance and check on participant progress.

9. Keep Informed! Encourage your Science Olympiad participants to visit the NSO Clarifications Page for recent updates. The URL for clarifications is linked to: http://www.soinc.org The menu item is “FAQ.” http://www.soinc.org It is crucial that this be done at least one week prior to each competition. Only those clarifications posted on the Official NSO website and direct information from your own State and Regional Directors are valid!

10. Description Students will demonstrate an understand- ing and basic knowledge of stellar properties, stellar evolution, open and globular clusters, and spiral, elliptical and irregular galaxies.

11. Event Parameters The only resource permitted is one 8.5” x 11.5” two-sided page of notes containing information in any form from any source. Suggested information as to what to include on the resource sheet follows. Participants may think of other items they believe might also be helpful.

12. Event Parameters Suggested information to include on the resource sheet for each star: a. Name. Example. Sol b. Classification. G2V c. Evolutionary stage. Main sequence d. Constellation e. RA/Declination, i.e. location f. Unique characteristics, if any

13. Event Parameters Suggested information to include on the resource sheet for each Deep Sky Object: a. Name b. Constellation c. Messier number, i.e. M1, M13, etc. d. Kind of object: SNR, Globular cluster, etc. e. RA/Declination (for location) f. Thumbnail image g. Unique characteristics

14. Event Parameters – Suggested Resource Materials H-R Diagram including the names of the stars Stages in the life cycle of a mid-sized star Stages in the life cycle of a massive star Characteristics of open & globular clusters Characteristics of spiral, elliptical and irregular galaxies Diagram of the Sun displaying its features and a brief description of each Labeled diagrams of the constellations including the stars and deep sky objects within them Glossary of frequently used and confusing terms

15. The Competition The event is divided into two parts 1. Notes may be used in both 2. Parts I and II may be combined

16. The Competition: Star Charts, Portable Star Labs, etc. Participants will be asked to identify some or all of the stars, constellations and deep sky objects included in the official stars and objects list as they appear on star charts, H-R diagrams, portable star labs, photos, slides or in planetariums.

17. The Competition: List with Key Note: Constellations are underlined; stars are bold face; and deep sky objects are italicized. Objects preceded by an asterisk are new for 2009. Participants must provide their own clipboards and red-filtered flashlights, unless officially notified otherwise.

18. The Competition Part I: Coaching suggestions – Star Charts a. Discuss the keys that generally accompany star charts. b. Compare right ascension and declination to latitude and longitude c. Instruct participants on how to locate stars and deep sky objects using R.A./Declination. d.Make certain participants are able to properly record the R.A./Declination (R.A. following by declination)

19. The Competition: Stellar Evolution Participants should know the current stage of each star and deep sky object Frequent observations of the night sky to note star colors, relative positions to “neighboring” stars, and the seasons during which each is visible.

20. The Competition: Sky Observations Associate the various stars and objects with the constellations in which they are found. It is sometimes easiest to first locate the constellation and then the stars and objects that are in the constellation. At other times it is easiest to first locate a star and then its constellation.

21. The Competition: Sky Observations Stars are seasonal! This means that only between a quarter and a third of the stars on the list may be visible on any given (clear) night. A few very late observations (after midnight) reveals stars that are not visible earlier in the evening. (Adult supervision required.)

22. Stars Stars and objects in the list were selected to represent the various stages in the lives of stars. The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds have been included in the list Science Olympiad list as there are no comparable objects visible to the unaided eye in the Northern skies.

23. Constellations Constellations have been included 1. for historical purposes, 2. for ease of locating specific objects in the sky, 3. and for those individuals fascinated with their mythological and literary history. Participants should be aware that constellations are imaginary groupings of stars with limited scientific significance, except for astronomical reference, i.e. Cas A, Sgr A*, etc.

24. Part II: Hands-On or Interpretive Tasks Participants will be asked to complete one or more hands-on or interpretive tasks selected from the following topics: 1. Characteristics of the Sun as an average-size star 2. Spectral classification of stars 3. Evolutionary stages of stars, open and globular clusters, and galaxies

25. National Science Educational Standards The NSES have been included in all E-S Event rules to: 1. Align the events with the NSES 2. Make it easier for those teachers who wish to justify E-S event content within their curriculum

26. Spectral Classification Standard means of recording the classification of a star. Example: The Sun is a G2V star. 1. Letter of class – O, B, A, F, G, K, M 2. Temperature number – 0 to 9 3. Luminosity category – Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII

27. Spectral Classification Each star class is divided into 10 sub- classes, ranging from 0 (hottest) to 9 (coolest).

28. Spectral Classification Luminosity Classes are designated by Roman numerals I thru VII, in order of decreasing luminosity: 1. Ia - most luminous supergiants 2. Ib - less luminous supergiants 3. II - luminous giants 4. III - normal giants 5. IV - subgiants 6. V - main sequence and dwarfs 7. VI - subdwarfs 8. VII - white dwarfs

29. Spectral Classification Color of a star is dependent upon on its temperature 1. Red Stars are Cooler 2. Blue Stars are Hotter 3. (Very distant, dim stars appear white to the eye.) Spectral Classification 1. Classify stars by their spectral lines 2. Spectral differences are due mostly to temperature, not composition. Spectral Sequence (Temperature Sequence): O B A F G K M L T

30. Spectral Classification The traditional mnemonics for remembering the spectral types are based on the old Harvard OBAFGKM system. 1. Harvard (1920s): Oh Be A Fine Girl, Kiss Me 2. Berkeley (late `60s): Oh Buy A Fine Green Kilo Man 3. Caltech (late `70s): On Bad Afternoons Fermented Grapes Kept Mrs. (Richard Nixon Smiling)

31. Reach for the Stars Part II: Coaching Resources

32. Coaching Resources: Stellar Bingo Objective: To provide a fun, hands-on experience for participants to become familiar with stellar images representing a variety of stages in the lives of stars. This activity is available on the clinic’s website. If your kids enjoy the activity, it’s best to download it a.s.a.p. as it won’t be available forever.

33. Coaching Resources: Stellar Bingo In a Bingo-type format, each player is given a card with numbered images. When a clue is read, players attempt to match the clue with the photos on his/her card. If a matching image appears on the card, a marker is placed on that image. Discussion may follow as needed and adjustments made, add or remove marker.

34. Coaching Resources: Star Clues Introduces students to the H-R Diagram through a challenging activity requiring students to complete a chart from a series of clues. http://www.tufts.edu/as/wright_center/products/sci_olymp iad/sci_olympiad_astro.html http://www.tufts.edu/as/wright_center/products/sci_olymp iad/sci_olympiad_astro.html Scroll down to: Astronomy (Practice Activity - C Division) Ignore the C-Division recommendation as H-R Diagrams are now a part of B-Division also. The following slides provide a preview of this activity.

35. Star Name Spectral Type Luminosity Class H-R TypeDistanceAbsolute Magnitude Apparent Magnitude Color SiriusV CanopusFIa-0.72 Arcturus+0.2-0.04 AldebaranFar SpicaBlue Antares -5.2+1.0 DenebAIa RegulusBMain Sequence -0.3 AltairA+0.8 CapellaGGiant+0.4 RigelSupergiant+0.1

36. Sample Clue Clue Card Information: The absolute magnitudes of Regulus and Aldebaran are of equal value. The chart provides the absolute magnitude for Regulus, but not for Aldebaran. The clue card states that the absolute magnitude of these two stars are the same. Therefore you know and may enter the absolute magnitude of Aldebaran on the chart.

37. Star Name Spectral Type Luminosity Class H-R TypeDistanceAbsolute Magnitude Apparent Magnitude Color SiriusV CanopusFIa-0.72 Arcturus+0.2-0.04 AldebaranFar -0.3 SpicaBlue Antares -5.2+1.0 DenebAIa RegulusBMain Sequence -0.3 AltairA+0.8 CapellaGGiant+0.4 RigelSupergiant+0.1

38. Coaching Resources: Star Clues The cards are shuffled and read at random. Sometimes the clue provided on a card is helpful; sometimes it is not. If the information on the card is relevant, the information may be entered on the chart and the card set aside. If the information is not relevant at this time, the card is placed at the bottom of the deck. The information on all cards will eventually provide useful information for completing the chart. The next card is then drawn.

39. Star Name Spectral Type Luminosity Class H-R TypeDistanceAbsolute Magnitude Apparent Magnitude Color SiriusAVMain Sequence Near+1.5-1.5White CanopusFIaSupergiantFar-2.5-0.72Pale Yellow ArcturusKIIIGiantMedium+0.2-0.04Orange AldebaranKIIIGiantFar-0.3+0.9Orange SpicaBVMain Sequence Far-3.2+1.0Blue Antares MIbSupergiantFar-5.2+1.0Coral DenebAIaSupergiantFar-7.2+1.3White RegulusBVMain Sequence Far-0.3+1.4Blue AltairAVMain Sequence Near+2.3+0.8White CapellaGIIIGiantMedium+0.4+0.08Gold RigelB1aSupergiantFar-8.1+0.1Blue

40. Coaching Resources: Practice Exam This exam is available on the clinic website. It utilizes the Stellar Cycle Cards distributed during this session and is also available at no cost to educators from the Chandra X-ray Center. To request one or more sets of cards, visit: http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/formal/stellar_cy cle/ http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/formal/stellar_cy cle/

41. Coaching Resources: STELLAR JOURNEY: The Game STELLAR JOURNEY: The Game presents a simulation of star life from birth through death. The game is a very hands-on, exciting, and relevant to Reach for the Stars and Astronomy events of the SO. To learn more, visit: www.otherworlds-edu.com

42. Request a Free Stellar Evolution Poster from the Chandra X-ray Center Request two posters – one to post the front of the poster (shown) and one to post for the information on the back http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/formal/stella r_ev/ http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/formal/stella r_ev/

43. Coaching Resources: The Game of SPACE The Game of SPACE quizzes players on their knowledge of Stars, Planets, Astronomy, Constellations and Exploration. New 2008 edition is now available. www.otherworlds-edu.com

44. Coaching Resources: Internet Discuss the importance of consulting only “reliable” web sites when surfing the web. Ask students to limit their searches to legitimate organizations: NASA, NOAA, USGS, colleges and other trustworthy public and private institutions, etc. Almost any information students may require is quite likely to be found on these sites. Does the organization appear to have an agenda? Example: Is the “global warming” debate really over? If a site fails this test, ask students to continue their search elsewhere. Discuss questioning information that appears at odds with information obtained from legitimate sites. If someone has a “gut- feeling” that something being said is a bit “far-out,” it just may be.

45. Coaching Resources: Internet Previously administered Astronomy and Reach for the Stars exams have been posted on The Wright Center Website. Many of the C-Division exams are now relevant to the B-Division event. Use “Wright Center Science Olympiad” as the key phrase. Click on the SO Logo on the left of the page to be taken to the site.

46. Coaching Resources: Internet Excellent information on Stellar Evolution may be found on the Chandra X-ray Center website. Visit: http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/formal/stell ar_ev/story/

47. Coaching Resources: Internet An article on stellar evolution appearing in the World Book Encyclopedia, written in cooperation with NASA, may be found at: http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/star_world book.html

48. Reach for the Stars Part III: Information and test- taking skills for participants

49. Test-Taking Strategies Listen carefully to all instructions provided at the beginning of the session. Read all information included on the exam. Ignore any and all comments regarding how well or how poorly other members of your team have performed during previous events. Decide upon roles for you and your partner well in advance of the competition.

50. Stellar Evolution of Stars Formation in a stellar nursery … through birth … each life stage … and final product – (white dwarf, neutron star, black hole).

51. Stellar Evolution of Stars Participants may anticipate having to interpret one or more charts or graphs. The following two slides are examples of the kind of charts or graphs a supervisor might include. Participants could “brain storm” several questions that might be asked about these particular charts and graphs.

53. H-R Diagram

54. Star Clusters: Definition Gravitationally-bound collection of stars that formed from the same gas cloud.

55. Open Clusters 1. Contain a few (typically tens to thousands of) young stars 2. Individual stars are easily resolved Image: WIYN Telescope, Kitt Peak

56. Open Clusters 3. Open clusters are collections of hot, recently formed stars found preferentially in the spiral arms of the galaxy. 4. Stars within open clusters eventually disperse. Credit: AURA, NOAO, NSF

57. Globular Clusters 1. Are found in the haloes of galaxies 2. Contain from tens of thousands to millions of ancient stars crowded into a more or less spherical volume of space. Image: Hubble Space Telescope

58. Globular Clusters 3. Their central density is sufficiently high that individual stars cannot be resolved from earth- based telescopes Image: Sonoita Observatories

59. Spiral Galaxies 1. Disk-shaped, usually with a bulge at the center and arms spiraling outwards 2. Tend to contain more middle-aged stars along with clouds of gas and dust The spiral galaxy NGC 1309

60. Spiral Galaxies Image courtesy Richard Crisp 3.Spiral galaxies contain large concentrations of gas and dust. 4.The spiral arms are waves of star formation swirling around the galaxy. 5.New stars are hot and bright. They light up the gas and dust in the arms.

61. Elliptical Galaxies 1. Contain older stars and very little gas and dust 2. Can be different shapes ranging from round, to flattened, elongated spheres. 3.Orbits of stars within elliptical galaxies are in random directions NOAO/AURA/NSF

62. Elliptical Galaxies 4.Contain modest amounts of cool and warm gas, though not as much as found in spiral galaxies. 5.There are generally not enough gases to support much star formation. NOAO/AURO/NSF

63. Galactic Types & Structure Irregular galaxies 1. Poorly-defined structures 2. Have lots of young stars, dust and gas. 3.Show evidence of extensive star formation Image courtesy of Richard Crisp.

64. Constellation: Andromeda Deep Sky Object: Andromeda Galaxy M-31

65. Constellation: *Aquarius Deep Sky Object: *Helix Nebula The Helix Nebula is one of the closest and apparently one of the largest planetary nebulae known.

66. Constellation: Aquila Star: Altair Spectral Type: A7V Main Sequence

67. Constellation: Auriga Star: Capella Spectral Type: G8 III Red Giant

68. Constellation: Bootes Star: Arcturus – Spectral Type: K2 III Red Giant Brightest star in the Northern Hemisphere

69. Constellation: Cancer Deep Sky Object: M44 Beehive Tom Bash and John Fox/Adam Block/NOAO/AURA/NSF

70. Constellation: Canes Venatici Deep Sky Object: M51 Whirlpool Galaxy

71. Constellation: Canis Major Star: Sirius A Spectral Type: A1 V Main Sequence Star: *Sirius B. Not visible to the unaided eye due to its close, extremely bright, companion, Sirius A

72. Constellation: Canis Minor Star: Procyon Spectral Type: F5 IV Subgiant

73. Constellation: Cassiopeia Deep Sky Object Tycho’s SNR

74. Constellation: Cassiopeia Deep Sky Object Cas A - SNR

75. Constellation: *Cygnus Star: *Deneb (tail) Spectral Type: A2 Ia Supergiant Deep Sky Object (SNR) *Veil Nebula (red)

76. Constellation: Dorado Deep Sky Object: Large Magellanic Cloud

77. Constellation: Gemini Star: Castor (top) Spectral Type: A1 V Main Sequence Star: Pollux (bottom) Spectral Type: K0 III Giant

78. Constellation: Hercules M13 Globular Cluster ©Richard Crisp

79. Constellation: *Leo Star: *Regulus Spectral Type: B7 V Main Sequence Star: *Wolf 359 (red) Spectral Type: M5.8 Main Sequence – Red Dwarf

80. Constellation: Lyra Star: Vega Spectral Type: A0 V Main sequence, Blue Deep Sky Object: Ring Nebula – M57 (red)

81. Constellation: Mensa Deep Sky Object: Large Magellanic Cloud

82. MILKY WAY GALAXY Credit & Copyright: Richard Payne (Arizona Astrophotography )Richard Payne

83. Constellation: Orion Star: Betelgeuse (upper) Spectral Type: M2 Ib Red supergiant Star: Rigel (lower) Spectral Type: B8 Ia Blue Supergiant M42 Orion Nebula (red)

84. Constellation: Orion M42 Orion Nebula

85. Constellation: Orion *Trapezium (Within Orion Nebula)

86. Constellation: Perseus Star: Algol Spectral Types: B8 V & G5 IV Star A is separated from close companion B by less than a tenth (0.062) of the Earth-Sun distance (AU). Dimmer Star B partially eclipses Star A every 2.9 days and loses gas in a "star stream" that impacts Star A before bouncing back out to create a "transient accretion annulus" around Star A

87. Constellation: Sagittarius Deep Sky Object: Sgr A* Photo: Chandra X-ray Observatory

88. Constellation: *Scorpius Star: Antares Spectral Type: M1 Ib Supergiant Deep Sky Object: *M6 Butterfly Cluster (red) Credit: AURA, NOAO, NSFAURANOAONSF

89. SUN Star: Sun Spectral Type: G2V Main Sequence

90. Constellation: Taurus Star: Aldebaran Spectral Type: K5 III Orange-Red Giant Star Cluster: Hyades (red) Star Cluster: Pleiades (green)

91. Constellation: Taurus Deep Sky Object - Star Cluster: M45 Pleiades (upper image) Deep Sky Object SNR: M1Crab Nebula (lower image)

92. Constellation: Tucana Deep Sky Object: Small Magellanic Cloud (NASA/ESA)

93. Constellation: Ursa Minor Star: Polaris Spectral Type: F8 Ib Supergiant A Cepheid Variable

94. Constellation: Virgo Star: Spica Spectral Type: B1 V Main Sequence Latin for “Ear of Wheat” held in the maiden’s hand.

95. Constellation: Vulpecula Deep Sky Object: M27 Dumbbell Nebula

96. Milky Way Galaxy Copyright Lund Observatory