1. UNIT V The Rise of Nationalism

2. The Futile Search for Stability Section 24-1

3. What major global events occurred between WWI and WWII?  depression- a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment  collective bargaining- the right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours

4. What major global events occurred between WWI and WWII?  deficit spending- going into debt to finance government projects

5. What major global events occurred between WWI and WWII?  UNEASY PEACE  Germans were unable to pay the $33 billion in reparations  As a result, they printed more paper money causing the mark to be worthless  Americans stepped in and loaned $200 million to Germany and reduced the payments  France still enforced the T. of Versailles

6. What major global events occurred between WWI and WWII?  UNEASY PEACE (contd)  In 1928 sixty-three nations signed the Kellogg-Briand pact  It pledged to “renounce war as an instrument of national policy”  There was no way of enforcing this

7. What major global events occurred between WWI and WWII?  THE GREAT DEPRESSION  Brief period of economic prosperity in 1924  Depression of 1929 2 major factors leading to the Great Depression 1. series of downturns in economies around the world 2. international financial crisis caused by the American stock market

8. What major global events occurred between WWI and WWII?  THE GREAT DEPRESSION contd  Political Effects of the Great Depression 1. governments more involved in the economies 2. communism became more popular 3. people followed dictators who offered solutions

9. What major global events occurred between WWI and WWII?  France became the strongest country in Europe after WWI  they didn’t feel the Depression until 1932.  GB lost many of its markets to Japan and the US.  Germany experienced major economic problems which led to fear  By 1933  12 million people were unemployed.  FDR elected to presidency and introduced the New Deal - an economic policy that increased government funded public works  He also introduced legislation that led to Social Security and welfare.  Did not fix the financial problems. EUROPE during the Great Depression AMERICA during the Great Depression

10. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes Section 24-2

11. How did dictators come to power between WWI and WWII?  totalitarian state- government that aims to control the political, economic social, intellectual, or cultural lives of its citizens  fascism- glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for strong central government led by a dictator

12. How did dictators come to power between WWI and WWII?  Politburo- seven member committee that was leading policy-making body of the Communist party in the Soviet Union  collectivization- a system in which private farms are eliminated in favor of government ownership of land

13. How did dictators come to power between WWI and WWII?  3 major dictators to emerge after WWI:  1. Benito Mussolini (Italy) IN 1919, he create a new political group called Fascio di Combattimento; it was a fascist party, by 1922, Mussolini threatedn Rome with force and the King gave him the title of Prime Minister. Mussolini had full power.

14. How did dictators come to power between WWI and WWII?  3 major dictators to emerge after WWI contd  2. Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) He was a general secretary within the Communist party; he used this position to appoint many officials thus, he gained lot of support. By 1929 he established a dictatorship.

15. How did dictators come to power between WWI and WWII?  3 major dictators to emerge after WWI contd.  3. Francisco Franco (Spain) IN 1936 led a revolt against the democratic government; bloody civil war began; he won and established a dictatorship favoring large landowners, business people, and the Catholic clergy

16. How did dictators come to power between WWI and WWII?  RISE of DICTATORS  By 1939, the only democratic European powers were France and GB  Italy, Soviet Union, Germany all were dictatorships some were totalitarian states Used mass propaganda to achieve this

17. How did dictators come to power between WWI and WWII?  FASCISM in ITALY  Mussolini led the fascist party; it glorified the state above the individual and emphasized the need for a strong central government.  He took on the title “Il Duce”, The Leader  Made Catholicism as the national religion

18. How did dictators come to power between WWI and WWII?  NEW ERA in the SOVIET UNION  Politburo was a seven member committee in Russia Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky were rivals within this group; Stalin eventually perseveres and Trotsky is thrown out of the party and murdered  Leon Trotsky 

19. How did dictators come to power between WWI and WWII?  First Five Year Plan- production of heavy machines and weapons, resulted in production of steel and oil  Collectivization- private farms were eliminated and the government owned all of the farm land.  Widespread famine, poor living conditions, 10 million peasants died between 1932-3, wages also declined  Stalin sent many people to labor camps in Siberia, others executed, 8 million Russians were arrested Social Changes During StalinResults

20. How did dictators come to power between WWI and WWII?  AUTHORITARIAN STATES in the WEST  After WWI, Eastern European countries like Poland and Hungary tried to adopt Parliamentary systems. They failed because: They never had a tradition of democracy Rural societies and peasants were illiterate Many ethnic conflicts Overall support of the old authoritarian systems

21. Hitler and Nazi Germany Section 24-3

22. EQ: How did Hitler rise to power?  Reichstag- the German Parliament  concentration camp- large prison camps in which members of minority groups and political dissidents are confined

23. EQ: How did Hitler rise to power?  Nazi Policies and Activities (5)  1. Terror: Used to create a totalitarian state; created the Schutzstaffel (SS), controlled secret police forces Einsatzgruppen – death squads that were part of SS sent out in groups to kill Jews Used concentration camps and death camps to achieve its purpose

24. EQ: How did Hitler rise to power?  Nazi Policies and Activities (5)  2. Economy: Hitler instituted large public works program it was actually program to create a huge military while providing lots of jobs to the German people. People followed Hitler and the Nazi’s because they ended the depression.

25. EQ: How did Hitler rise to power?  Nazi Policies and Activities (5)  3. Spectacles/ Organizations- Youth organizations created (Hitler Youth) demonstrations and spectacles to create nationalism churches and schools were also brought under the control of the Nazi party

26. EQ: How did Hitler rise to power?  Nazi Policies and Activities (5)  4. Women: men were to be warriors and leaders; women were meant to be mothers and wives

27. EQ: How did Hitler rise to power?  Nazi Policies and Activities (5)  5. Jews: Nuremburg Laws excluded Jews from German citizenship; had to wear yellow Star of David and carry ID cards by 1938 sent to concentration camps could not own businesses

28. EQ: How did Hitler rise to power?  Hitler and His Views (2 slides)  Born in Austria in April 20, 1889  Wanted to be an artist but was rejected  By 1921 he had taken control of the Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi, for short)

29. EQ: How did Hitler rise to power?  Hitler and his views contd  In 1923 he organized the Beer Hall Putsch, a political uprising  He was put in Jail and wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

30. EQ: How did Hitler rise to power?  Extreme German Nationalism  Strong anti-Semitism  Anticommunist  Lebensraum- living space wanted to expand the borders of Germany  Believed in the superiority of certain individuals Hitler’s Basic IdeasOther ideas

31. EQ: How did Hitler rise to power?  Because of the extreme economic problems in Germany, the Nazi’s were able to rise to power. The depression made extremist parties look goof. Gained control of the Reichstag  The Enabling Act gave Germany the ability to ignore the constitution for 4 years while it issues solutions to Germany’s problems. It gave Hitler’s actions a legal basis Rise of Nazi PartyVictory of Nazi Party

32. EQ: How did Hitler rise to power?  The Nazi State: (1 slide)  Misused the term Aryan  Wanted to create an empire like ancient Rome  The SS played an import role in the terror in Germany  Hitler passed laws to ensure the goals were carried out how he wanted

33. The Course of WWII Section 26-2

34. What actions led to the start of WWII?  blitzkrieg- “lightening war” German method of warfare, based on tank divisions supported by airplanes  partisan- a resistance fighter

35. What actions led to the start of WWII?  AXIS Powers  Germany  Italy  Japan  “Big Three” Allies  Great Britain  USA  Soviet Union

36. What actions led to the start of WWII?  EUROPE at WAR (2)  Hitler attacked Poland with Blitzkrieg strategy in September of 1939  Britain and France declared war on Germany but didn’t do much over the next few months  Hitler went on to attack Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and France.  Went on to attack Britain from the air

37. What actions led to the start of WWII?  EUROPE at WAR (contd)  Germany controlled about 3/5 of France became known as Vinchy France after they signed an armistice  Germany really tried to defeat GB but their air force was too good  US passed isolationist laws during the 1930’s preventing them from getting involved in European wars

38. What actions led to the start of WWII?  JAPAN at WAR (2)  Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on 12-7-1941  They launched an attack on Pacific islands They attacked American navel bases in order to destroy the American fleets stationed there They though the FDR administration would accept this

39. What actions led to the start of WWII?  JAPAN at WAR  The attack unified Americans  The US joins WWII with European nations and China in an effort to defeat Japan

40. What actions led to the start of WWII?  Allies Advance (2)  Hitler continues his campaign through North Africa he was far from defeat  German troops were led by General Erwin Rommel

41. What actions led to the start of WWII?  Allies Advance  On June 4, 1942 was the turning point for the war on Asia; Allies would seek only unconditional surrender by the axis powers  The Battle of Midway Island US destroys Japanese aircraft US defeated Japanese navy and established dominance in the Pacific

42. What actions led to the start of WWII?  LAST YEARS of WAR (2)  June 6, 1944- D-Day the invasion of Normandy beached in France  Major victory for the Americans but also we lost many soldiers  German troops were pushed back by the Soviets  The last to deal with were the Japanese

43. What actions led to the start of WWII?  Last Years of War  President Truman authorized the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August 1945  Japanese surrendered on August 14, 1945

44. The New World Order and the Holocaust Section 26-3

45. What atrocities were committed by the Nazis during WWII?  genocide- the physical extermination of a racial, political, or cultural group  collaborator- a person who assists the enemy

46. What atrocities were committed by the Nazis during WWII?  Nazi Policy and how they were used: (5) 1. resettlement- Nazis saw land to the east as ‘living space’; Himmler was put in charge of moving ethnic people out of these lands and moving in Germans.

47. What atrocities were committed by the Nazis during WWII?  Nazi Policy and how they were used  2. forced labor- the Nazi party forced people both inside and outside of Germany to work for them

48. What atrocities were committed by the Nazis during WWII?  Nazi Policy and how they were used  3. Final Solution -genocide of Jews

49. What atrocities were committed by the Nazis during WWII?  Nazi Policy and how they were used  4. Einsatzgruppen-special task force Used to round up and exterminate Jews. They then buried them in mass graves

50. What atrocities were committed by the Nazis during WWII?  Nazi Policy and how they were used  5. Death Camps- Jews were shipped to death  Camps beginning in 1942. There were 6 death  Camps. The Germans killed over 3 million Jews.

51. What atrocities were committed by the Nazis during WWII?  New World Order in Europe (1)  Many workers were sent to  These workers were brutally recruited  People began to resist the NAzis

52. What atrocities were committed by the Nazis during WWII?  The Holocaust (2)  Deliberate attempt to exterminate Jews  Hitler had radical views about on ethniciaty  Nazis began the genocide of Jews in death camps, the largest of which was Auschwitz  Over 6 million Jews were killed during WWII, with 3 million of those as the result of the death camps

53. What atrocities were committed by the Nazis during WWII?  Although the Allies knew about the concentration camps they choose to focus their attention to ending the war  They did not realize the ex tent of the atrocities of the camps

54. What atrocities were committed by the Nazis during WWII?  New Order in Asia (1)  Japanese did have some victories in the South Pacific  As such, they appointed military authorities to lead each territory  Japan used this to their benefits  The people in these areas resented the Japanese

55. The Home Front and Aftermath of the War Section 26-4

56. How did WWII affect people in the US, Japan and Europe?  mobilization- the act of assembling and preparing for war  kamikaze- “divine wind” Japanese fighting units who performed suicide missions against US fighting ships

57. How did WWII affect people in the US, Japan and Europe?  Cold War- the period of political tensions between the US and Soviet Union from the end of WWII until the end of the 1980’s

58. How did WWII affect people in the US, Japan and Europe?  Mobilization of Peoples (1)  WWI and WWII are examples of total war  Mobilization includes preparing for war economically  The United States provided the arsenal for WWII for the Allies

59. How did WWII affect people in the US, Japan and Europe?  Women worked in factories to produce military equipment; this is the first time in history that large numbers of women worked outside the home  1 million enrolled in the military but had segregated units; WWII ignited the civil rights movement after the war. African Americans also moved to cities in the north for jobs in factories during WWII American Women during WWII African Americans during WWII

60. How did WWII affect people in the US, Japan and Europe?  JAPANESE AMERICANS (1)  On the West Coast in 1942, 127,000 Japanese people were moved to camps surrounded by barbed wire in Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado and other interior States  Some of them were born in the US (Nisei)  This was based only on fear, not on evidence  In 1988, Congress awarded 20,000 per survivor as an apology

61. How did WWII affect people in the US, Japan and Europe?  FRONTLINE (1)  Japan used kamikaze’s to target American war ships  Bombings by other countries targets civilians and not just military; countries were under the belief that it would force peace  It did not

62. How did WWII affect people in the US, Japan and Europe?  Peace and a New War (2)  There were many political tensions after WWII  Big Three powers met in Yalta in 1945 (Sov. Union, USA, and GB)  Outcomes: United Nations created Germany surrendered unconditionally and be divided into 4 parts FDR wanted the Sov Union to have free elections; Stalin hesitated

63. How did WWII affect people in the US, Japan and Europe?  FDR dies on April 12, 1945 and is succeed by Truman  July 1945 Potsdam Conference  Truman demands free elections; Stalin refuses, wants a communist state  The West believed communist would take over the world and they did not want this  Churchill said “an iron curtain had descended across the continent”  Cold War starts Ideological war as opposed to actual fighting

64. The Development of the Cold War Section 27-1

65. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  satellite state- a state that is economically and politically dependent on a larger, more powerful state  policy of containment- the policy of the US regarding the Soviet Union, with the goal of keeping communism within its existing boundaries and preventing further Soviet aggression

66. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  arms race- the build- up of huge arsenals of nuclear weapons and missiles by the United States and the Soviet Union  domino theory- the belief held by US policy makers that if the Communists succeeded in South Vietnam, other countries in Asia would fall, like dominoes, to communism

67. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  4 Major Cold War Military Alliances:  1. NATO- (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Belgium, Luxembourg, France, the Netherlands, GB, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, US, Canada, West Germany, and Turkey

68. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  4 major Cold War Alliances  2. Warsaw Pact- Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania

69. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  4 major alliances  3.SEATO- South East Asia Treaty Organization; United States, GB, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand

70. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  Alliances  4.CENTO- Central Treaty Organization; Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, GB, US

71. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  CONFRONTATION of SUPERPOWERS (2)  A superpower is a country whose military power is combined with political influence  Soviets wanted communism; the US and other western wanted capitalism  US feared communism and the east feared capitalism  US and Soviets became rivals

72. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  Contd  The US adopted a policy of containment to keep communism within its existing boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggression

73. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  Truman Doctrine/ Marshall Plan (2)  European Recovery Program in 1947  The goal of the program was to rebuild the prosperity and stability in Europe  $13 billion in aid for Europe Based on the belief that if countries were economically unstable they would turn to communism Eastern countries refused to join

74. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  Marshall Plan contd.  In 1949Soviet Union founded COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance It failed because there was not economic aid

75. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  Spread of Cold War  The US and the Soviet Union believed they other needed arsenals of nuclear weapons to prevent war  If both sides had these weapons, then neither side would launch an attack because the other side would be able to strike back

76. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  Spread of Cold War  Arms race occurred  Countries formed alliances  US was allied with 42 countries around the world

77. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  The Cuban Missile Crisis  In 1959 Fidel Castro (communist) overthrew Fulgencio Batista  1960 JFK is elected  JFK approved a secret plan for Cuban exiles to invade Cuba in hope of causing a revolt against Castro  This became known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion  It was a disaster! Many exiles were killed or captured

78. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  After Bay of Pigs, Soviet Union sent arms and military advisors to Cuba; US didn’t want nuclear wepsons that close to US; October 1963, Khrushchev sent ships with missiles to Cuba and Kennedy set up a blockade. This gave both sides time to find a peaceful solution  Closest ever to nuclear war. Khrushchev agreed to stop ships and remove Soviet missiles from Cuba is JFK pledged not to invade Cuba. JFK agreed. A hotline was set up Moscow to Washington, DC to communicate quickly in times of crisis Cuban Missile CrisisResults

79. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  Vietnam and the Domino Theory (3)  1963, the US had been drawn into a war with Vietnam  LBJ sent more troops in 1964 with the purpose of keeping communist government in North Vietnam from gaining control of South Vietnam  Domino theory: if communists in north gained control of the south then other countries in Asia would fall to communism

80. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  Vietnam contd  Many college students protest; as the war went on there was not a lot of support for it  Nixon was elected by pledging to stop the war  In 1973, we started to withdraw troops  North and South Vietnam were reunited

81. What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?  Vietnam contd  Domino theory turned out to be wrong  New nations in SE Asia avoided communism  Relationship with China was established  The Vietnam war showed the limits of American power

82. The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Section 27-2

83. What was society like in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the 1950’s and 60’s?  heavy industry- the manufacture of machines and equipment for factories and mines  de-Stalinization- the process of eliminating the more ruthless policies of Stalin

84. What was society like in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the 1950’s and 60’s?  6 countries in Eastern Europe that became Soviet States after WWII  1. East Germany  2. Bulgaria  3. Romania  4. Poland  5. Hungary  6. Czechoslovakia

85. What was society like in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the 1950’s and 60’s?  WWII devastated the Soviet Union; Stalin institutes a policy of production of goods for export; used heavy industry but it did not benefit people of Soviet Union; there was not enough consumer goods for the people; many families lived in one room apts. Stalin ruled with an iron hand. He died in 1953.  Khrushchev took steps to undo many of Stalin’s policies, it became known as de-Stalinization. He also loosened government controls on literary works; emphasized the production of consumer goods, and increased farming. Stalin EraKhrushchev

86. What was society like in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the 1950’s and 60’s?  Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain  Albania and Yugoslavia were communist countries; however, they were not controlled by the Soviet Union  Both countries were against the Nazi party during WWII  Both countries refused to follow Stalin

87. Western Europe and North America 27-3

88. What economic and social changes occurred in the west after WWII?  welfare state- a state in which the government takes responsibility for providing citizens with services and minimal standard of living

89. What economic and social changes occurred in the west after WWII?  bloc- a group of nations with a common purpose  real wages- the actual purchasing power of income

90. What economic and social changes occurred in the west after WWII?  Western Europe: Recovery and Unity (2)  GB had serious economic problems at the end of WWII  The Labour government set out to create a welfare state  The cost of building a welfare state at home forced the British to reduce expenses abroad  GB was forced to give in to the demands of its colonies for independence

91. What economic and social changes occurred in the west after WWII?  Western Europe: Recovery and Unity  The Common Market or European Economic Community (EEC) Free-trade area made up of 6 member nations They agreed not to impose any tariffs on each other’s goods

92. What economic and social changes occurred in the west after WWII?  The federal government had new power b/c of the New Deal; there was an economic boom; real wages grew 3% per year. The Cold War made Americans afraid of Communism; led to the rise of Joseph McCarthy; he instituted the “Red Scare” questioned movie stars and intellectuals in their involvement in the Communist party. McCarthy was condemned by Congress in 1954 for his actions  Major social changes occurred in this time; everyone was optimistic; 1954 SCOTUS rules on Brown v. Board of Education overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and makes segregation illegal; Civil Rights Act of 1964; The Voting Rights Act of 1965 USA in the 1950’sUSA in the 1960’s

93. What economic and social changes occurred in the west after WWII?  The Development of Canada (1)  After WWII, US invested heavily in Canada and Canadians worried that US would try to take over Canada in terms of the economy

94. What economic and social changes occurred in the west after WWII?  After WWII, class changes, people had machines in their homes to make things easier; women were in the workforce and also had to raise a family; in the 1960’ they revolted against this idea  Pre-war, people who went to college were from wealthy classes; after WWII more people from middle and lower classes; this caused overcrowded classrooms and eventually, student protest. Students felt that universities did not respond to their world. Women after WWIICollege Students

95. Decline of the Soviet Union Section 28-1

96. What factors led to the fall of the Soviet Union?  détente- a relaxation of tensions between nations, especially used for American-Soviet relations in the 1970’s  dissident- a person who speaks out against a regime

97. What factors led to the fall of the Soviet Union?  perestroika- “restructuring” the term used by Mikhail Gorbachev for economic reforms in the Soviet Union in the late 1980’s

98. What factors led to the fall of the Soviet Union?  From Cold War to Post-Cold War (1)  In the 1970’s relations between the US and the Soviet Union improved (détente)  Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985, he wanted to make economic changes  The United States had many debts because of the strong build up in the military  Both nations had to focus on their domestic issues

99. What factors led to the fall of the Soviet Union?  Decline of the Soviet Union (3)  1. March 1985- Gorbachev comes to power and wanted to make radical reforms  2.In 1990, Gorbachev allowed non-Communist parties to organize  3. As Gorbachev loosened the reigns on Communism, ethnic tensions increased

100. What factors led to the fall of the Soviet Union?  4. Nationalist governments emerged across the Soviet Union and calls for independence  5. In 1991, Gorbachev was arrested by a group of conservative leaders and then they tried to seize power. It failed  6. Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic, helped defeat the takeover

101. What factors led to the fall of the Soviet Union?  7. The Soviet Republics now moved for complete independence  8. Ukraine voted for independence on December 1, 1991  9. Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus announced that the Soviet Union Ceased to exist

102. What factors led to the fall of the Soviet Union?  Recent leaders of the Soviet Union/ Russia  1. Nikita Khrushchev  2. Leonid Brezhnev  3. Mikhail Gorbachev  4. Boris Yeltsin  5. Vladimir Putin  6. Dmitry Medvedev  7. Vladimir Putin

103. Eastern Europe Section 28-2

104. Why did communism end in other European states?  ethnic cleansing- the Serb policy of killing or forcibly removing Bosnians from their lands  autonomous- self- governing

105. Why did communism end in other European states?  How Communism ended in European Countries:  Poland:  Lech Walesa organized a trade union called the Solidarity; the movement gained support. In 1988 the Polish government agreed to parliamentary elections

106. Why did communism end in other European states?  Czechoslovakia  Mass demonstrations took place in 1988 and 1989; there was a lot of ethnic tensions. On January 1, 1993 split into two Czech Republic and Slovakia.

107. Why did communism end in other European states?  Romania:  Communist leader Ceausescu used secret police to crush dissent. Many were killed. Ceausescu and his wife were captured and executed. A new more balanced government was formed.

108. Why did communism end in other European states?  East Germany:  The Berlin Wall separated East and West Germany. Reunification of Germany took place on October 3, 1990.

109. Why did communism end in other European states?  Yugoslavia  1990 Communist power lost power. Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, amongst others pushed for independence. Milosevic, leader of Serbia, opposed the independence. Serbs began assault on Bosnia; Serbs used ethnic cleanings; NATO initiated bombings on Serbia. As a results, Serbia signed a peace treaty.

110. Why did communism end in other European states?  Reunification of Germany:  In November 1989, Communist government opened border with the West. The Berlin wall fell/ was torn down. Families saw each other for the first time in years. March 1990 first free elections were held; Christian Democrats won elections. They wanted reunification and it happened on October 3, 1990.

111. Europe and North America Section 28-3

112. How did economic issues effect politics after 1970 in North America and Europe?  Thatcherism- a term for the economic policy of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher  budget deficit- spending by a government that exceeds revenues

113. How did economic issues effect politics after 1970 in North America and Europe?  The Effect of Economics on Political Issues:  France: Experienced economic problems in the 1970’s; Socialists came to power under Francois Mitterrand in 1981; by the 1990’s conservative parties gained control of politics under Jacques Chirac.

114. How did economic issues effect politics after 1970 in North America and Europe?  Great Britain- 1979 Conservatives come to power under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher. Thatcher limited social welfare, restricted union power, and ended inflation. Thatcherism (economic policy) IN 1990, Thatcher tried to replace local property taxes with a flat rate tax, riots ensued, Thatcher resigned.

115. How did economic issues effect politics after 1970 in North America and Europe?  United States- 1980, high inflation and a decline in weekly earnings led to the defeat of Cater in presidential election to Ronald Reagan. Bush elected after Reagan but experienced economic problems; this allowed for Clinton to get elected.

116. How did economic issues effect politics after 1970 in North America and Europe?  Problems faced by Germany after reunification:  Rebuilding took more money than expected; government had to raise taxes. After the collapse of eastern Germany, their economy tanked and caused high unemployment. This gave way to extremists and violence.

117. How did economic issues effect politics after 1970 in North America and Europe?  US Domestic Scene in the1970’s:  Watergate: Presidential scandal under Nixon. Nixon used illegal ways to gain political information about his opponents. Reelection workers broke into DNC headquarters at the Watergate and tried to install electronic listening devices. They were caught. Nixon denied involvement; secret tapes found of his conversations; US v Nixon; Nixon resigns to avoid impeachment. Ford pardons him.

118. How did economic issues effect politics after 1970 in North America and Europe?  NAFTA:  North American Free Trade Agreement  Canada, Mexico, USA, effective 1994.  Goal: make trade easier and more profitable by establishing guidelines for cooperation between hose countries

119. Western Society and Culture Section 28-4

120. How did society and culture change in Western society after 1970?  pop art- an art style beginning in the early 1960’s that took images of popular culture and transformed them into works of fine art  postmodernism- a movement in the arts beginning in the 1980’s that was marked by a revival of traditional elements and techniques

121. How did society and culture change in Western society after 1970?  Changes in women’s lives  In the 1970’s many women were in the workforce.  They received lower wages than men doing the same work.  The Equal Pay act was passed that gave legal support to equal pay for women  In the 1990’s there was a backlash against the women’s movement and women wanted to go back to more traditional roles

122. How did society and culture change in Western society after 1970?  The Growth of Terrorism  Terrorist are groups of people who kill civilians, take hostages etc. to draw attention to their causes and goals  Examples: IRA- Irish Republican Army; goal is to unite Northern Ireland; have operated since the 1970’s. Al-Qaeda- trained by Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan to carry out terrorist acts around the globe

123. How did society and culture change in Western society after 1970?  Science and Technology  Methods used during WWII trickled down to peacetime uses  Examples: Computers, jet planes, pace program

124. How did society and culture change in Western society after 1970?  Religious Revival  Catholic Church experiences renewal under two popes: John XXIII and John Paul II  Vatican II liberalized some polices of the Catholic church  Balance materialism with spiritual concerns

125. How did society and culture change in Western society after 1970?  Trends in Art  Pop art (Andy Warhol) was big in the United States  Postmodernism took over the in 1980’s  Art used new technologies such as digital cameras and computer programs

126. How did society and culture change in Western society after 1970?  Pop Culture  US adopted a feeling of material prosperity (aka the American Dream) in other countries it is called cultural imperialism  After WWII, TV became very popular and that how the American Dream was transferred  Movies and music became popular (Elvis, the Beatles, MTV)

127. How did society and culture change in Western society after 1970?  Sports, TV, and Politics  After WWII, sports became a big business  Sports were televised and gained $ from advertising contracts  Soccer is an example of a unifying sport  Olympics mixes politics and sports In 1972, Palestinian terrorist group seized 11 Israeli athletes as hostages