1. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 Using PBL to Improve Student Communication Skills Steve Bernhardt sab@udel.edu Tipsheets: http://www.english.udel.edu/wc/staff/

2. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 Imagine a particular class… --one that you recently taught with PBL or --one you are planning to teach

3. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 Why write in the PBL classroom? Put ideas toward a purpose Active learning, Evaluation Formal genres—professional discourse Writing is thinking Visible ideas—tangible Map schemas and concept relations Reflection Written discussions Idea space--memory

4. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 A Lesson From WAC (Writing Across the Curriculum) We want students to become good writers, but we also want students to be good learners. Faculty don’t necessarily need to be writing teachers—they can use writing to promote learning.

5. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 Communicating and Thinking We don’t know what we think until we see what we say. We don’t own information until we put it in our own words. If you can’t write it or speak it clearly, you probably don’t understand it. Writing is thinking, discovery, problem- solving.

6. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 Professionals-in-Training Students consistently had difficulty, across all disciplines: gathering sufficient specific information constructing the audience and the self stating a position using appropriate discipline-based methods managing complexity & organizing information Walvoord & McCarthy: Thinking and Writing in College

7. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 What Do Students Say? Writing is the one skill students most want to improve— mentioned >3X as often as any other skill. Students are most engaged with courses that assign writing. Writing increases the time students spend on the course, the extent to which they feel intellectually challenged, and their level of interest. Writing instruction is best during junior and senior years— organized around a substantive discipline. Light, Richard J. Making the Most of College

8. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 Think of a situation where you produced really good writing or spoke really well. What helped you be a good communicator?

9. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 The Problem Is the Situation Communicators need a sense of situation: An exigency—a real problem A strong sense of purpose A sense of audience An understanding of constraints PBL defines the problem space.

10. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 What kinds of writing? Lab reports Lesson plans Mind maps Self assessment Brochures Care plans Reflective journals Letters-dictations Emails Ppt Sms-chat Feedback applications

11. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 PBL: A space for communication PBL creates dialogic space Process-oriented Shared vision Space for reflection Shared uncertainty Shared presentation space

12. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 What kinds of speaking? Presentation Chit chat Online discussion boards Debate Simulation Gap analysis Feedback Reflection Consolidating discussion Reporting out progress Emotional outbursts Humor Persuasion argument Asking answering Wondering Negotiation Testimony Validation Story telling

13. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 What Kinds of Writing? Abstract Dialog Position Journal entry Letter Case study Critique Report Proposal or grant Memoir Strategic plan Prospectus Progress report Lab report/paper Article journalism Book review Curriculum Performance review Memo Brochure Budget + narrative portfolio of work Ad Biography Want ads Questionnaire Editorial Fictional account Poem Research paper Website Email Chat Discussion post Poster Blog Speech Presentation Minutes Debate

14. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 What Kinds of Speaking? Briefing Problem definition Rehearsal Trial solution Team discussion Expert interview Structured problem solving Recommendation Problem/solution Test results Dyads Reflective Progress report Peer evaluation Impact assessment

15. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 Integrating Communication

16. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 What makes a good assignment? Clarity with specific objectives Standards for evaluation Challenge/degree of difficulty stretches students Interesting/controversial Relevant to learning objectives Models Sense of completion—closure--reflection

17. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 Alternative assignments

18. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 Sequenced Assignments

19. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 What makes a good assignment? Relates to course goals and learning objectives. Defines clear situation, purpose, audience. Defines task demands: time, resources, deliverable Defines process Sets instructional goal—informal, formal Sets standards for evaluation: rubrics, criteria, models

20. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 By-product or End-product? Exploratory questioning tentative Free writes, learning issues, notes, questions and confusions, brainstorming, clustering Polished published delivered Progress reports, planning documents, task maps, mini- themes, learning logs, discussion, Q/A, reporting out Written exams, response papers, solutions, team oral exams Reports, presentations, posters, publications

21. Writing, Communication, and PBL Lima 2006 How Do We Integrate Communication? Engaging scenarios Staged assignments Prewriting Brainstorming Clustering Reflective writing Think/write/talk Structured problem solving Re-purposing Modeling Peer reviewing Using technology Providing rubrics Short, frequent writing