1. Do Now What are cells? Why do we need them?
List different types of cells that you know of…

2. Objectives Describe how cells were discovered and named.
Compare and contrast light microscopes vs. electron microscopes.
Explain what is found in a basic cell.

3. Cells
Chapter 7

4. What are cells?
Basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms!
They come in all shapes and sizes
Lets take a look…

5. Cells!
How did we figure out cells even existed, what they looked like, what they do?...
Egg cell
Nerve cell
Bacteria cell

6. Robert Hooke
1665- saw dead plant cells from cork, tree stems, roots and ferns using a light microscope
Called them “cellulae” (small rooms) - reminded him of the cubicles or cells where monks live

7. Leeuwenhoek First person to observe living cells
Made microscope with a magnification 10X that of Hooke’s- “Father of microscopes”
Observed spirogyra and protists

8. The “Cell Theory”
Scientists expressed 3 main observations about cells:
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and organization of all living organisms
Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells

9. Technology is the key! Cells were discovered using MICROSCOPES!
Compound Light Microscopes-
Uses visible light to produce magnified image.
Maximum = 1,000x magnification
Electron Microscopes-
Specimen must be dead 
Use magnets and electrons
Allows much greater magnification
Ex: Transmission Electron = up to 500,000x

10. Electron Microscopes Transmission Electron Microscope-
Electrons are sent through a specimen
Scanning Electron Microscope-
Electrons are sent over the surface of a speciment.

11. Basic Parts of any Cell DNA/RNA Plasma membrane Cytoplasm
Needs some type of genetic information!
Plasma membrane
Cell’s outer boundary that acts as a barrier
Cytoplasm
Region of cell that includes fluid, cytoskeleton and all organelles except the nucleus
Cytosol- part of cytoplasm that included molecules and small particles but not organelles
Control Center
Contains a cell’s DNA
Nucleus- membrane- bound structure in eukaryotes
Nucleoid- region of DNA in prokaryotes

12. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Organisms can be made up of either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.

13. Prokaryotic Cells… Do not have a distinct nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
Ex: bacteria (many scientists think that prokaryotes are similar to the first EVER organisms on Earth)

14. Eukaryotic Cells… Contain a nucleus Contain membrane-bound organelles
Makes up most multicellular organisms
Ex: US, plants, animals, etc. (also some unicellular organisms like algae and yeast)

15. Lets Review! Who discovered cells?
Why was Leeuwenhoek so special if someone had already observed cells before?
What are the different types of microscopes we talked about. Which would be best to look at tiny projections on the surface of a bug?
How are eukaryotes different from prokaryotes?

16. Do Now Students log in at m.socrative.com or by launching their app.
Do Not register for accounts.
Simply enter my unique classroom number to answer questions
= My Room #

17. Objectives List the different organelles of a cell.
Explain the function of each organelle.
Identify each organelle in a diagram of a cell.

18. Organelle Jigsaw Activity

19. Do Now
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Why do we need so many more organelles than bacteria? Explain.

20. Objectives
To list and explain the different organelles found in all eukaryotic cells.
To compare and contrast animal vs. plant cells.
To understand which information should be studied for the quiz.

21. Plasma Membrane
The wall!- protects the internal structures of the cell.
Determines what comes in and out of the cell.

22. Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm- clear fluid that contains the organelles
Cytoskeleton- Provides the framework for the cell, holds organelles in place.

23. Nucleus Nucleus- controls the cell. Nucleolus- produces ribosomes.
Nuclear Pores- allow things in and out of nucleus.

24. Ribosomes
Makes polypeptide chains of amino acids, producing Proteins.

25. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough- contains ribosomes and synthesizes proteins.
Smooth- No ribosomes, synthesizes lipids (fats).

26. Golgi Apparatus
Modifies proteins and fats and gets them ready for export!

27. Vacuoles Large water “bubble” in a plant cell.
Maintains the shape of the cell, without it, the plant cell would shrink and the plant would wilt.

28. Lysosomes
Contain enzymes, break down cellular waste product and debris.

29. Centrioles
Involved in cell division ( we will talk about this more later when we do mitosis!)

30. Mitochondria
Convert oxygen into energy (we will talk about this more when we do cellular respiration!)

31. Cilia and Flagella Used in cells for movement
Used in stationary cells for moving substances around the outside of the cell.

32. Chloroplasts
Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy (sugar).

33. Cell Wall Rigid structure Provides strength for the cell.
Works with vacuole to maintain “turgor pressure”

34. Lets brainstorm…get with a partner!
What are the differences between plants and animals?

35. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells.
Plants Animals

36. Quiz Study Guide Organelles- what each of them do
Diagrams- label both plant and animal cell.
Scientists- who were they and what did they do?
Cell Theory- what is it?
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes- what’s the difference?

37. (the dots)

39. Start working on your “Journey through a Cell Project”
There is construction paper, colored pencils, and markers here for you to use!

40. Do Now What is the role of the membrane in the cell?
How do you think it accomplishes this role?
Draw a sketch of what the plasma membrane looks like.

41. Objectives Understand the role of the plasma membrane.
Identify the components of the plasma membrane and their functions.
Define diffusion.

42. What ELSE does the membrane do?
Maintains an internal environment that is different from the external environment.
Regulates what molecules enter and exit the cell.
Made of a phospholipid bilayer

43. “Fluid Mosaic Model” aka the Plasma Membrane
Lipids make it fluid
Proteins and other components are embedded like a mosaic.

44. Phospholipid?? Gylcerol, 2 fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group
“Phospho”-Hydrophillic (water loving) Polar (heads)
“lipid”-Hydrophobic (water hating)
Non-polar (tails)

45. Monolayer Water Fatty Acids Cholesterol How blood can transport
Fats in bulk!
Water

46. Bilayer Fats (hydrophobic) Water or other hydrophilic substances

47. Selective Permeability
controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Controls AMOUNT of substances entering and leaving the cell

48. The bilayer makes up the plasma membrane that surrounds the cell!
Which of the 4 organic molecules do you see in the plasma membrane? –P.C.F.NA.

49. Cholesterol
Prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together

50. Carbohydrates
Identify chemical signals

51. Proteins
Provide channels for transport

52. Conclusion activity

53. Do Now- Label the different parts
What is the name of the entire structure?

54. Objectives Define diffusion.
Identify the conditions that effect the rate of diffusion.
Explain facilitated diffusion.
Compare and contrast active and passive transport.

55. How do things get in and out?
Everybody stand up!
Gather in a group by the windows, nobody is allowed behind the lab tables.

56. Cell Membrane (transport)
(Ions, Sugars, AA’s, nucleotides)
(H2O, O2, CO2)
T.P
Large and/or Charged-
Transport Protein
Small and/or non-polar molecules

57. Diffusion RULE
Diffusion-
Movement of molecules from High concentration to Low Concentration by random motion Me

58. Diffusion RULE
Dynamic Equilibrium-continues movement but no NET overall change Me

59. Explain what’s happening…
Perfume-
Food Coloring-

60. Initial Conditions
Diffusion
Low
High

61. Diffusion Animations

62. Things that Affect the speed of Passive Transport
1. Heat- Hotter the faster
2. Size- The bigger the slower
3. State of Matter
Solid- Slow
Liquid – Fast
Gas- Fastest

63. Passive Transport
Movement of particles across the cell membrane without using energy
Diffusion of Water

64. Diffusion of Water- OSMOSIS
Water can move right through the phospholipids from high to low concentration

65. Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of materials across the plasma membrane using proteins
Channel Proteins
Carrier Proteins

66. Transport Proteins` Channel Proteins- Carrier Proteins-
Pores that allow charged ions to pass through the membrane
Carrier Proteins-
Change shape to help molecules pass through the membrane

67. Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function

68. Transport Proteins Animation

69. Do Now What does “passive” transport mean?
What are the different types of passive transport?
What is the difference between passive and active transport?

70. Objectives To explain active transport.
To understand what happens during osmosis.
To compare and contrast hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.

71. Concept Map of Diffusion

72. Active Transport
Specific protein can pump molecules across the membrane
Usually in opposite direction of diffusion (Low concentration to high concentration)
Requires ENERGY (ATP)

73. Sodium Potassium Pump

74. Sodium Potassium Pump Type of Active Transport
Moves three Na+ ions out of the cell and two K+ ions into the cell

75. Osmosis
RULE
-Water always flows via osmosis from HIGH water concentration to LOW water concentration through a semi permeable membrane.

76. Osmosis Which container has more water in it?

77. Osmosis- diffusion of water across a membrane
RULE
-Water always flows via osmosis from HIGH water concentration to LOW water concentration
-Remember SALT SUCKS- cell shrinks
H2O
22% Salt
5% Salt

78. Osmosis- diffusion of water across a membrane
RULE
-Water always flows via osmosis from HIGH water concentration to LOW water concentration
-Cell bursts!
H2O
22% Salt
45% Salt

79. Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function

80. Cellular Structure and Function
Isotonic Solution
Water and dissolved substances diffuse into and out of the cell at the same rate.
Plant Cell
Blood Cell
11,397x

81. Solute concentration is higher inside the cell.
Hypotonic Solution
Solute concentration is higher inside the cell.
Water diffuses into the cell.
Plant Cell
Blood Cell
13,000x

82. Solute concentration is higher outside the cell.
Hypertonic Solution
Solute concentration is higher outside the cell.
Water diffuses out of the cell.
Plant Cell
Blood Cell
13,000x

83. 3 Types of Solutions Cell in ________ Solution
H2O
H2O
H2O
For each solution, determine if the solute concentration of the solution is high, the same, or low as compared the cell.

84. 3 Types of Solutions
Plasmolysis: State where plant cells shrink in hypertonic environment (animal cells= “crenates”)
Turgid: State where plant cells swell in hypotonic solution (animal cells=Lyse)
Flaccid: State where a plant cell is placed in isotonic solution
Cytolysis: State where cells Burst in hypotonic environment

85. Osmotic Pressure
Pressure builds up as water moves in and out via Osmosis
In plants called Turger Pressure
Worksheet

89. Transport of Large Molecules
Usually Transported by Vesicles
Endocytosis-
Into the cell
Exocytosis-
Exiting the cell
What kind of molecules do you think are usually found in the Vesicle?