1. Underachievement Tracy Inman The Center for Gifted Studies Western Kentucky University tracy.inman@wku.edu

2. If during the first five or six years of school, a child earns good grades and high praise without having to make much effort, what are all the things he doesn’t learn that most children learn by third grade? If during the first five or six years of school, a child earns good grades and high praise without having to make much effort, what are all the things he doesn’t learn that most children learn by third grade?

3. Definition of Underachievement Severe discrepancy between expected achievement (as measured by standardized achievement test scores or cognitive or intellectual ability assessments) and actual achievement (as measured by class grades and teacher evaluations) Severe discrepancy between expected achievement (as measured by standardized achievement test scores or cognitive or intellectual ability assessments) and actual achievement (as measured by class grades and teacher evaluations) Reis and McCoach (2000) Reis and McCoach (2000)

4. Speculation ranges from 10% to more than 50% of the gifted population are underachievers. Speculation ranges from 10% to more than 50% of the gifted population are underachievers. McCoach and Seigle (2008) McCoach and Seigle (2008)

5. Onset typically occurs in middle school and persists through high school Onset typically occurs in middle school and persists through high school Thirteen years after high school, the educational and occupational status of high school underachievers paralleled their grades in high school, rather than their abilities. Thirteen years after high school, the educational and occupational status of high school underachievers paralleled their grades in high school, rather than their abilities. McCall, Evahn, & Kratzer (1992) McCall, Evahn, & Kratzer (1992)

6. Underachievement Quiz Underachievement Quiz Dr. Sylvia Rimm Dr. Sylvia Rimm www.sylviarimm.com www.sylviarimm.com www.sylviarimm.com Why Bright Kids Get Poor Grades and What You Can Do About It (2008) through Great Potential Press Why Bright Kids Get Poor Grades and What You Can Do About It (2008) through Great Potential Press

7. Characteristics Low academic self- perceptions Low academic self- perceptions Low self-motivation Low self-motivation Low effort toward academic tasks Low effort toward academic tasks Negative attitudes toward school and teachers Negative attitudes toward school and teachers Daydream and dawdle Daydream and dawdle Use reading, tv, and video games as escapes from doing homework Use reading, tv, and video games as escapes from doing homework Have creative ideas but they are rarely brought to closure Have creative ideas but they are rarely brought to closure Use defenses such as “school is boring” Use defenses such as “school is boring” Disorganized Disorganized

8. Lose assignments and don’t turn in work Lose assignments and don’t turn in work Poor study skills Poor study skills Some are perfectionistic and don’t finish their work Some are perfectionistic and don’t finish their work Some are interested in speed, zipping through their work with little interest in quality Some are interested in speed, zipping through their work with little interest in quality “But, Eugene, it’s not enough to be gifted. We’ve got to do something with our gift.”

9. Internal Locus of Control Lack of personal control over their educational success Lack of personal control over their educational success Don’t believe they can reach goals even it they work harder (lack of self- efficacy), so they avoid challenges Don’t believe they can reach goals even it they work harder (lack of self- efficacy), so they avoid challenges Set goals too high or too low – they guarantee failure Set goals too high or too low – they guarantee failure

10. Competition Many have highly competitive feelings, but they may not be obvious. Many have highly competitive feelings, but they may not be obvious. They quit if they think they can’t win They quit if they think they can’t win Poor winners and poor losers Poor winners and poor losers

11. Rimm’s Laws 1. Children are more likely to be achievers if their parents join together to give the same clear and positive message about school effort and expectations. 2. Children can learn appropriate behaviors more easily if they have models to imitate.

12. 3. Communication about a child between adults (referential speaking) within the child’s hearing dramatically affects children’s behaviors and self- perception.

13. 4. Overreaction by parents to children’s successes and failures leads them to feel either intense pressure to succeed, or despair and discouragement in dealing with failure.

14. 5. Children feel more tension when they are worrying about their work than when they are doing that work. 6. Children develop self-confidence through struggle. 7. Deprivation and excess frequently exhibit the same symptoms.

15. 8. Children develop confidence and an internal sense of control if power is given to them in gradually increasing increments as they show maturity and responsibility.

16. 9. Children become oppositional if one adult allies with them against a parent or a teacher, making them more powerful than the adult. 10. Adults should avoid confrontations with children unless they are sure they can control the outcomes.

17. 11. Children will become achievers only if they learn to function in competition. 12. Children will continue to achieve if they usually see the relationship between the learning process and its outcomes. Rimm (2004)

18. Pressures Gifted Underachievers Internalize Pressure to be the smartest Pressure to be the smartest Pressure to be different Pressure to be different Pressure to be popular Pressure to be popular Pressure to be loyal Pressure to be loyal

20. How to Reverse Pressure Refrain from using words like “smartest” and “brilliant” Refrain from using words like “smartest” and “brilliant” Emphasize “hard work” and “good thinking” Emphasize “hard work” and “good thinking” Instead of reassuring underachievers of their brilliance and creativity, it’s better to admire their hard work ethic. Instead of reassuring underachievers of their brilliance and creativity, it’s better to admire their hard work ethic.

21. Relationship Between Effort and Outcomes Quadrant 1 + + Achievers Quadrant 2 + - Underachievers Quadrant 3 - + Underachievers Quadrant 4 - - Underachievers Effort + Outcomes - + - Rimm (2004)

22. Quadrant 1 High Effort, High Outcomes High Effort, High Outcomes –Feel bright, creative, and approved of by parents and teachers –Motivated to learn –Extrinsic and intrinsic satisfaction –Set realistic high goals, work hard, and persevere “Children will continue to achieve if they usually see the relationship between the learning process and its outcomes.”

24. Quadrant 2 High Goals, Low Effort High Goals, Low Effort –Set goals too high, may be in competitive environment –Sometimes parents set goals too high –Learning disabled children or those with unusual learning styles fit here –Feel dumb

26. Quadrant 3 Low Effort, High Outcomes Low Effort, High Outcomes –Most typical dilemma for gifted –Not sufficiently challenged so being smart means doing things easily –Hit brick wall when faced with real challenge –Remedies: challenging work, accerlerated or enriched curriculum, homogeneous grouping, differentiation

28. Quadrant 4 Low Effort, Low Outcomes Low Effort, Low Outcomes –Advanced stage of underachievement – happens for children in Quadrants 2 or 3 over time –Given up reasonable goal setting –Parents and teachers begin to doubt abilities –Difficult to reverse and may be therapeutic help

31. Two Main Causes Environmental causes Environmental causes –Unchallenging classrooms –Peer pressure –Isolation from classmates –Family dynamics

32. Factors within the individual Factors within the individual –Depression and anxiety –Externalizing issues including rebellion and nonconformity –Learning problems –Deficits in self-regulation –Social immaturity Reis and McCoach (2002)

33. Influences: Family Inconsistent parenting techniques Inconsistent parenting techniques –In 95% of families, one parent emerged as the disciplinarian and the other acted as a protector. –Parents tend to be overly lenient or overly strict – or may vacillate between the two, –Bestowing adult status on a child at too young of an age may contribute.

34. Influences: Peers High-achieving peers have a positive influence on gifted students who begin to underachieve. The reverse is true as well. One study showed that 66% of high ability students named peer pressure as the primary force against getting good grades. High-achieving peers have a positive influence on gifted students who begin to underachieve. The reverse is true as well. One study showed that 66% of high ability students named peer pressure as the primary force against getting good grades. Studies show that friends’ grades are very similar by the end of the year. Studies show that friends’ grades are very similar by the end of the year.

35. Interventions Counseling interventions Counseling interventions –Individual, group or family –Concentrate on changing personal and/or family dynamics that lead to underachievement –Coping with frustration

36. Instructional interventions Instructional interventions –Enrichment-based approaches targeting student strengths –Rimm’s Trifocal Model –Basic study habits –Participate in part-time or full-time classes for gifted underachievers Smaller class sizes Smaller class sizes Less conventional teaching strategies Less conventional teaching strategies Student choice Student choice Affective education Affective education

37. Eleanor Roosevelt said, “The surest way to make it difficult for children is to make it easy for them.” “The surest way to make it difficult for children is to make it easy for them.”

38. Why not take the easy road? There’s plenty of time to work hard later, right? WRONG! There’s plenty of time to work hard later, right? WRONG! Challenging, enriching courses in school make a prepared, committed, and interested student in college. Challenging, enriching courses in school make a prepared, committed, and interested student in college. Participating in a challenging learning environment prepares students for the academic curiosity and commitment necessary to succeed in a university setting. Participating in a challenging learning environment prepares students for the academic curiosity and commitment necessary to succeed in a university setting.

39. ACT data show that fewer than two in ten eighth graders are on target to be ready for college- level work by the time they graduate from high school. The Forgotten Middle, 2009

40. Only one in five ACT-tested 2008 high school graduates are prepared for entry- level college courses in English Composition, College Algebra, Social Science, and Biology.

41. Misconception 1: I have a great GPA; I won’t have any trouble getting into college. Congratulations! But you’re going to need more than a good GPA to get into and pay for your dream school. You may get into college, but you could have trouble staying there. Congratulations! But you’re going to need more than a good GPA to get into and pay for your dream school. You may get into college, but you could have trouble staying there. Colleges look closely at your transcript, not just your GPA. Colleges look closely at your transcript, not just your GPA. If you have not challenged yourself in high school, chances are you won’t know how to study when you go to college! If you have not challenged yourself in high school, chances are you won’t know how to study when you go to college!

42. Colleges want to know… Did you take the most challenging classes your school offered? Did you take the most challenging classes your school offered? What kind of extracurricular activities are you involved in? What kind of extracurricular activities are you involved in? Do you have leadership experience on your team or with your organization? Do you have leadership experience on your team or with your organization? What does the commitment to your classes and activities say about your success on a college campus? What does the commitment to your classes and activities say about your success on a college campus?

43. Academics and Activities: Can you do both? FFA, 4-H, Basketball, Speech Team, Boys and Girls Club—How can you be involved at your high school or in your community? FFA, 4-H, Basketball, Speech Team, Boys and Girls Club—How can you be involved at your high school or in your community? A person who has organized a recycling drive for the Science Club is more impressive to a college than someone who showed up to a few meetings. A person who has organized a recycling drive for the Science Club is more impressive to a college than someone who showed up to a few meetings. It is important to find a balance between being involved in your school and community while taking challenging courses. It is important to find a balance between being involved in your school and community while taking challenging courses.

44. Misconception 2: If I take a harder class and get a lower grade, there goes my scholarship money. Harvard Admissions says, “There is no single academic path we expect all students to follow, but the strongest applicants take the most rigorous secondary school curricula available to them.” Harvard Admissions says, “There is no single academic path we expect all students to follow, but the strongest applicants take the most rigorous secondary school curricula available to them.” Centre College looks primarily at the “quality of the high school coursework.” Centre College looks primarily at the “quality of the high school coursework.”

45. KHEAA and The Student Loan People, 2007-2008 data Sixty percent of students going to college with KEES scholarships had the grades to keep the scholarship for year two.

46. Misconception 3: I don’t need to take honors or more difficult classes prior to AP classes. Foundation classes prepare you for the advanced thinking you will be asked to do in an AP or college class. Foundation classes prepare you for the advanced thinking you will be asked to do in an AP or college class. Every time you challenge yourself in an academic environment, you become more prepared for and more likely to succeed in future scholarly endeavors. Every time you challenge yourself in an academic environment, you become more prepared for and more likely to succeed in future scholarly endeavors.

47. Of all pre-college curricula, the highest level of mathematics one studies in secondary school has the strongest continuing influence on bachelor's degree completion. Finishing a course beyond the level of Algebra 2 (for example, trigonometry or pre- calculus) more than doubles the odds that a student who enters postsecondary education will complete a bachelor's degree. This is much more important than SES! Answers in the Tool Box: Academic Intensity, Attendance Patterns, and Bachelor's Degree Attainment www.ed.gov/pubs/Toolbox

49. Misconception 4: AP might help me get into college, but it won’t help me once I’m already there. An AP class gives you a chance to “take a college class for free.” An AP class gives you a chance to “take a college class for free.” AP and Honors classes teach you how to study, think, and ask questions – essential skills for a post-secondary educational setting. AP and Honors classes teach you how to study, think, and ask questions – essential skills for a post-secondary educational setting. AP classes substantially improve your chances for successfully completing college. AP classes substantially improve your chances for successfully completing college.

50. Statistics show… College students who have not taken an AP class have a 33% chance of completing a Bachelor’s Degree. College students who have not taken an AP class have a 33% chance of completing a Bachelor’s Degree. College students who have completed one AP course have a 59% chance of completing a Bachelor’s Degree. College students who have completed one AP course have a 59% chance of completing a Bachelor’s Degree. College students who have completed two or more AP courses increase to 76% their chances of attaining a Bachelor’s Degree. College students who have completed two or more AP courses increase to 76% their chances of attaining a Bachelor’s Degree. Answers in the Toolbox: Academic Intensity, Attendance Patterns, and Bachelor’s Degree Attainment, http://www.ed.gov/pubs/Toolbox

51. What is academic success?

53. Level 1 Gets good grades with ease (completes assignments with little effort) Gets good grades with ease (completes assignments with little effort)

54. Level 2 Earns high grades on assignments that challenge (completes assignments that require effort) Earns high grades on assignments that challenge (completes assignments that require effort)

55. Level 3 Learns with satisfaction and joy (student is on the way to becoming a lifelong learner) Learns with satisfaction and joy (student is on the way to becoming a lifelong learner)

57. Paula Olszewski-Kubilius believes: “Parents should not shield or try to protect children from risks or hard work. Parents also need to allow children to experience the tensions and stress that rise from challenging ideas and high expectations.”

59. How a person views the origin of talent is important! If you see talent as something you have to be demonstrated… If you see talent as something you have to be demonstrated… If you see talent as something to be developed… If you see talent as something to be developed…

60. HARD WORK IS ESSENTIAL TO SUCCESS

61. Thomas Jefferson said, “I find the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have.”