2. Over 100 volcanoes in a volcanic island arc system Big Island Meiji (3000 m deep)

3. Hawaiian Islands Hawaii Oahu Kauai LanaiMaui Molokai Niihau

4. Bathymetric Profile of Hawaiian Emperor Chain

5. Hawaii (youngest) Maui Oahu Kauai (oldest) Pacific Plate J. Tuzo Wilson (1963), a Canadian geophysicist,came up the "hotspot" theory. volcanoes of the Hawaiian chain should get progressively older and become more eroded the farther they travel beyond the hotspot.

6. Age of Hawaiian Islands

7. Much of the Hawaiian island arc is underwater and extends toward Midway Moves in a northwesterly direction

8. WE’VE GOT HOT SPOTS ALL OVER THE PLACE Other examples of hot spots include: Cape Verde (off the coast of Senegal), Galapagos Islands (off the coast of Equator), Society Islands (French Polynesia), Tristan da Cunha (southern Atlantic), Yellowstone, Ethiopia Plateau, Lord How (near Sydney), Iceland, and many more.

9. Older islands erode and subside

10. Aging islands and coral: Drilling and removing core sample C 14 dating

13. Barrier Reef- separated from land by a lagoon Fringing Reef- boarders coastline closely Island subsides Atoll- coral ring with central lagoon lagoon is a shallow area with a sandy floor, patch reefs, and patches of seagrass Darwin’s Theory of Coral Atoll Formation: Subsidence Theory

14. Fringing Reef- Tahiti

15. Fringing Reef Reef Flat Reef Front Shoreline

16. Barrier Reef Profile

17. Australia- Great Barrier Reef

18. Kaneohe Bay Barrier Reef Fringing Reef Patch Reef

19. Reef Flat of a barrier reef Reef Flat of a Barrier Reef Reef Flat Coral Island (Cay or Motu) Coral Island (Cay or Motu) Reef Front Lagoon Open Ocean

20. Cross Section of an Atoll

21. Atoll Belize- Blue Hole

22. Kure Atoll (28° 25' N - 178° 20' W) Midway Atoll Pearl & Hermes Atoll