1. EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Enabling Grids for E-sciencE Feb. 06, 2009 www.eu- egee.org Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Antun Balaz, antun.balaz@scl.rs Scientific Computing Laboratory Institute of Physics Belgrade Serbia High Performance Cluster and Grid Computing Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing

2. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Overview Introduction to clusters High performance computing Grid computing paradigm Ingredients for Grid development Introduction to Grid middleware

3. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Parallel computing Splitting problem in smaller tasks that are executed concurrently Why? – Absolute physical limits of hardware components (speed of light, electron speed, …) – Economical reasons –more complex = more expensive – Performance limits –double frequency <> double performance – Large applications –demand too much memory & time Advantages: Increasing speed & optimizing resources utilization Disadvantages: Complex programming models – difficult development

4. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Parallelism levels CPU – Multiple CPUs – Multiple CPU cores – Threads –time sharing Memory – Shared – Distributed – Hybrid (virtual shared memory)

5. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Parallel architectures (1) Vector machines – CPU processes multiple data sets – shared memory – advantages: performance, programming difficulties – issues: scalability, price – examples: Cray SV, NEC SX, Athlon3/d, Pentium- IV/SSE/SSE2 Massively parallel processors (MPP) – large number of CPUs – distributed memory – advantages: scalability, price – issues: performance, programming difficulties – examples: ConnectionSystemsCM1 i CM2, GAAP (GeometricArrayParallel Processor)

6. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Parallel architectures (2) Symmetric Multiple Processing (SMP) – two or more processors – shared memory – advantages: price, performance, programming difficulties – issues: scalability – examples: UltraSparcII, Alpha ES, Generic Itanium, Opteron, Xeon, … Non Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) – Solving SMP’sscalability issue – hybrid memory model – advantages: scalability – issues: price, performance, programming difficulties – examples: SGI Origin/Altix, Alpha GS, HP Superdome

7. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Clusters Poor’s man supercomputer “…Collection of interconnected stand-alone computers working together as a single, integrated computing resource”– R. Buyya Cluster consists of: – Nodes – Network – OS – Cluster middleware Standard components – Avoiding expensive proprietary components

8. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Cluster classification High performance clusters (HPC) – Parallel, tightly coupled applications High throughput clusters (HTC) – Large number of independent tasks High availability clusters (HA) – Mission critical applications Load balancing clusters – Web servers, mail servers, … Hybrid clusters – Example: HPC+HA

9. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Beowulf clusters 1994 – T. Sterling & M. Baker – NASA Ames Centre Frontend – Access machine – JMS & Monitoring server – Shared storage –NFS (directory /home) Nodes – Multiple private networks – Local storage (/scratch) Private networks – High speed / low latency

10. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing From clusters to Grids Many distributed computing resources (clusters) exist, even in Serbia Problem 1: they cannot be used by end users transparently Problem 2: even when access is granted to users to several clusters, they tend to neglect smaller clusters Problem 3: distribution of input/output data, sharing of data between clusters To overcome such problems, Grid paradigm was introduced

11. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Unifying concept: Grid Resource sharing and coordinated problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations.

12. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Effective policy governing access within a collaboration

13. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Too hard to keep track of authentication data (ID/password) across institutions Too hard to monitor system and application status across institutions Too many ways to submit jobs Too many ways to store & access files/data Too many ways to keep track of data Too easy to leave “dangling” resources lying around (robustness) What problems Grid addresses

14. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Requirements Security Monitoring/Discovery Computing/Processing Power Moving and Managing Data Managing Systems System Packaging/Distribution Secure, reliable, on-demand access to data, software, people, and other resources (ideally all via a Web Browser!)

15. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Resources being used may be valuable & the problems being solved sensitive – Both users and resources need to be careful Dynamic formation and management of user groups – Large, dynamic, unpredictable… Resources and users are often located in distinct administrative domains - Cannot assume cross-organizational trust agreements – Different mechanisms & credentials Why Grid security is hard (1)

16. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Why Grid security is hard (2) Interactions are not just client/server, but service-to-service on behalf of user – Requires delegation of rights user  service – Services may be dynamically instantiated Standardization of interfaces to allow for discovery, negotiation and use Implementation must be broadly available & applicable – Standard, well-tested, well-understood protocols; integrated with wide variety of tools Policy from sites, user communities and users need to be combined – Varying formats Want to hide as much as possible from applications!

17. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Grids and VOs (1) Virtual organizations (VOs) are groups of Grid users (authenticated through digital certificates) VO Management Service (VOMS) serves as a central repository for user authorization information, providing support for sorting users into a general group hierarchy, keeping track of their roles,etc. VO Manager, according to VO policies and rules, authorizes authenticated users to become VO members

18. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Grids and VOs (2) Resource centers (RCs) may support one or more VOs, and this is how users are authorized to use computing, storage and other Grid resources VOMS allows flexible approach to A&A on the Grid

19. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing User view of the Grid User Interface Grid services User Interface

20. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Ingredients for GRID development Right balance of push and pull factors is needed Supply side  Technology – inexpensive HPC resources (linux clusters)  Technology – network infrastructure  Financing – domestic, regional, EU, donations from industry Demand side  Need for novel eScience applications  Hunger for number crunching power and storage capacity

21. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Supply side - clusters The cheapest supercomputers – massively parallel PC clusters This is possible due to:  Increase in PC processor speed (> Gflop/s)  Increase in networking performance (1 Gbs)  Availability of stable OS (e.g. Linux)  Availability of standard parallel libraries (e.g. MPI) Advantages:  Widespread choice of components/vendors, low price (by factor ~5-10)  Long warranty periods, easy servicing  Simple upgrade path Disadvantages:  Good knowledge of parallel programming is required  Hardware needs to be adjusted to the specific application (network topology)  More complex administration Tradeoff: brain power   purchasing power The next step is GRID:  Distributed computing, computing on demand  Should “do for computing the same as the Internet did for information” (UK PM, 2002)

22. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Supply side - network Needed at all scales:  World-wide  Pan-European (GEANT2)  Regional (SEEREN2, …)  National (NREN)  Campus-wide (WAN)  Building-wide (LAN) Remember – it is end user to end user connection that matters

23. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing GÉANT2 Pan-European IP R&E network

24. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing GÉANT2 Global Connectivity

25. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Future development: regional network

26. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Supply side - financing National funding (Ministries responsible for research)  Lobby gvnmt. to commit to Lisbon targets  Level of financing should be following an increasing trend (as a % of GDP)  Seek financing for clusters and network costs Bilateral projects and donations Regional initiatives  Networking (HIPERB)  Action Plan for R&D in SEE EU funding  FP6 – IST priority, eInfrastructures & GRIDs  FP7  CARDS Other international sources (NATO, …) Donations from industry (HP, SUN, …)

27. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Demand side - eScience Usage of computers in science:  Trivial: text editing, elementary visualization, elementary quadrature, special functions,...  Nontrivial: differential eq., large linear systems, searching combinatorial spaces, symbolic algebraic manipulations, statistical data analysis, visualization,...  Advanced: stochastic simulations, risk assessment in complex systems, dynamics of the systems with many degrees of freedom, PDE solving, calculation of partition functions/functional integrals,... Why is the use of computation in science growing?  Computational resources are more and more powerful and available (Moore’s law)  Standard approaches are having problems Experiments are more costly, theory more difficult  Emergence of new fields/consumers – finance, economy, biology, sociology Emergence of new problems with unprecedented storage and/or processor requirements

28. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Demand side - consumers Those who study:  Complex discrete time phenomena  Nontrivial combinatorial spaces  Classical many-body systems  Stress/strain analysis, crack propagation  Schrodinger eq; diffusion eq.  Navier-Stokes eq. and its derivates  functional integrals  Decision making processes w. incomplete information  … Who can deliver? Those with:  Adequate training in mathematics/informatics  Stamina needed for complex problems solving Answer: rocket scientists (natural sciences and engineering)

29. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 Introduction to High Performance and Grid Computing Scenario ComputingElement Submit Input “sandbox” Output “sandbox” Get output Output “sandbox” “User interface” A worker node is allocated by the local jobmanager Job Submit Event Status / log query Job status update stderr.txt stdout.txt Logging and bookkeeping stderr.txt stdout.txt /bin/hostname stderr.txt stdout.txt STD input stream is read from file STD out and err. streams are redirected into files Job status update publish state