1. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 托福听力 ! 成萌 托福听力老师 SAT 词汇老师 屡试不爽的原则！

2. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 萌百科 卖得了萌 耍得了 2 扮得了正太 演得了御姐 装得了萝莉

3. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 真理是掌握在少数人手中的 !!! 之前的观点是错误的 大多数的观点是错误的 过去的观点通常是错误的 盛行已久的观点是错误的

4. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 之前： × 大多数人 盛行很久 现在： √ 少数人 新观点 The traditional/ conventional/ prevailing/ popular/ common/ accepted/ dominant/view…

5. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 1 ：时间对比 2 ：力量对比 Most/ many/ a lot of scientists/ we thought/ have thought for a long time It is generally thought that… It is commonly believed that… Until recently…

6. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk axiom> theorem >theory >hypothesis >assumption >speculation >myth >fallacy assume d, thought, speculate ···· 以为、认为 … ×

7. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk TPO18-3 Roman sculpture Now the dominant view in traditional art his that Roman artists lacked creativity and skill especially compared to the Greek artists who came before them. Essentially, the traditional view, a view that’s been prevalent for over 250 years, is that the Romans copied Greek sculptures because they couldn’t create sculpture of their own. But finally some contemporary art historians have challenged this view. One is Elaine Gazda. ①艺术性 Gazda says that there might be other reasons that Romans made copies. She wasn’t convinced that it was because of a lack of creativity. Can anyone think of another possible reason? Well maybe they just admired these sculptures. 1 ： You know, they liked the way they looked. Yes. That’s one of Gazda’s points.2 ： Another is that while nowadays reproduction is easy, it was not so easy in Roman times. Copying statues required a lot of skill, time and effort. So Gazda hypothesizes that copying didn’t indicate a lack of artistic imagination or skill on the part of Roman artists, but rather the Romans made copies because they admired Greek sculpture. Classical Greek statues represented an idealization of the human body and were considered quite beautiful at the time. ②政治性 Gazda also believes that it’s been a mistake to dismiss the Roman copies as, well, copies for copy’s sake and not to consider the Roman function and meaning of the statues.

8. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 托福听力话题：全球化，异域化  词汇，内容跨度 尊重大自然造化 尊重少数异族文化：黑人文化，印第安文化 尊重人类远古文明：拉丁美洲文化；（玛雅 + 阿兹克特 + 印加）；古希腊罗马；古埃及；古印度；故巴比伦； 古中国； 尊重曾经被 “ 鄙视 ” 的文化： dark ages 中世纪 “ 黑暗 ” ？ negro 黑人 / 印第安人无文化建树？

9. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk Ramses Florida torreya

10. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk What is the lecture mainly about? Different views of a type of sculpture popular in ancient Roman times Evidence that Romans had outstanding artistic ability The differences between Greek sculpture and Roman sculpture The relationship between art and politics in ancient Roman times

11. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk According to traditional art, why did the Romans copy Greek sculpture? The Roman public was not interested in original works of art. The Roman government did not support other forms of art. Roman artists did not have sufficient skill to create original sculpture. Romans wanted to imitate the art they admired

12. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk What is Gazda's view of the Roman copies of Greek statues? The copies represented the idea that Roman society was similar to Greek society. The copies introduced the citizens of the Roman Empire to Greek history. The copies were inferior to the original statues. The copies had both artistic and political functions.

13. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk TPO7-5: bats’ ultrasound Now, we’ve tended to underestimate just how sophisticated the abilities of animals that use ultrasound are. In fact, we kind of assume that they were filtering a lot out ， uh…the way a sophisticated radar system can ignore echoes from stationary objects on the ground. Radar does this to remove ground clutter, information about uh…hills or buildings that they doesn’t need. But bats, we thought they were filtering out this kind of information, because they simply couldn’t analyze it. But, it looks as if we were wrong. Recently there was this experiment with trees and specific species of bats, a bat called the lesser spear-nosed bat. Now, a tree should be a huge acoustical challenge for a bat, right? I mean it’s got all kinds of surfaces with different shapes and angles. So, while the echoes from a tree are going to be massive chaotic acoustical reflections, right, not like the echo from a moth. So, we thought for a long time that bats stop their evaluation as simply that’s a tree. Yet, it turns out that that bat ， at least this particular species, cannot only tell that is a tree, but can also distinguish between, say, a pine tree, and a deciduous tree, like a maple or oak tree, just by their leaves. And when I say, leaves, I mean pine needles too.

14. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk What surprising information did a recent experiment reveal about lesser spear-nosed bats? A.They filter out echoes from some types of trees B.They can analyze echoes from stationary objects with complex surfaces C.They cannot analyze "jagged" echoes D.They cannot analyze echoes from certain types of small moving objects.

15. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk TPO7-5 the role of spices also Now, this is a good point to mention one of the biggest myths about spices. It’s commonly said that medieval Europeans wanted spices to cover up the taste of spoiled meat. But this isn’t really true. ① Anyone who had to worry about spoiled meat couldn’t afford spices in the first place. If you could afford spices, you could definitely afford fresh meat. ② We also have evidence that various medieval markets employed a kind of police to make sure that people did not sell spoiled food, and if you were caught doing it, you were subject to various fines, humiliating public punishments. So what actually was true was this: In order to have meat for the winter, people would preserve it in salt, not a spice. Spices actually aren’t very effective as preservatives.

16. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 观点组织题：细节题加强连 Based on the lecture, indicate whether each of the following is true about spices in medieval Europe. Click in the correct box for each phrase They had to be imported. They were unaffordable for many people. They were used to preserve meat during the winter. They were believed to have medicinal properties. Their sale in public markets was closely regulated.

17. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 细节题（双选）. What two factors explain why medieval Europeans did not use spices to cover the taste of spoiled meat? Click on 2 answers Fresh meat was less expensive than spices were Spices were mainly used in incense and perfume The sale of spoiled food was prohibited Salt was cheaper than most spices were

18. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk past 的理论有误 now 的理论更好 future 的理论更有前景 / 结合几种方案一起解决问题

19. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk TPO15-3 speculation Interestingly there's some speculation that humans started having a major impact on Earth much earlier, about 8000 years ago. That's when agriculture was becoming widespread. Early farmers started clearing forests and livestock produced a lot of extra methane. But I want to stress this is just a hypothesis. The idea that early humans could have had such a major effect, well I'm just not sure we can compare it with the industrial age. Geologists in the far future will be able t o examine the sediment being laid down today, whereas right now we can say that yes, human impact on the Earth is clear: It'll be future researchers who have a better perspective and will be able to really draw a line between the Holocene and the Anthropocene epics.

20. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 推断题 What does the professor imply about the spread of agriculture 8,000 years ago? It was the true beginning of the Holocene epoch. It was when greenhouse gases were at their lowest levels It was not a major cause of population growth It did not cause as big an environmental impact as some researchers say

21. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 态度题 What does the professor say about future researchers? They may not agree that humans have had an important effect on Earth’s surface They will not have reliable evidence of what is happening today They will determine when the Anthropocene epoch began They will make predictions about when the Anthropocene epoch will end

22. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 科学研究的过程 ~ 论文 观察问题  提出问题  做出假设  结果  结 论  交流与应用 控制变量法（变量唯一，空白对照） 客观性 实验具有可复制性 几乎所有的实验的结论都是在一定范围内适用

23. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 题目设置变难 干扰选项词汇理解变难，选项迷惑性增加 正确选项高度抽象 错误答案高度合理，白痴的跨层错误答案减少 选项一定贴紧听力文本，不要 “ 定式思维 ” 或 “ 妄自揣测 ” 或 “ 妄自菲薄 ”

24. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk Compare-match 匹配原理 独一无二的信息组合： 指纹，基因，线粒体，面部识别；光谱，声波谱，物质组 成比例，物质年代 In the talk, the professor describes the sequence of uranium-lead dating. Summarize the sequence by putting the events in the correct order. Drag your answer choices to spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it Zircon in the sandstone is matched to the zircon in a particular mountain range. The amount of lead in sandstone zircon is measured The age of zircon in a sandstone sample is determined

25. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk TPO3-6 Spectroscopy I want you to know this that this spectrum is interrupted by dark lines called spectral lines. If you really magnify the spectrum of the sunlight, you could identify more than 100,000 of them. They may look kind of randomly placed, but they actually form many distinct patterns. And if you were looking at the spectrum of some other star, the colors would be the same. But the spectral lines would break it up at different places, making different patterns. Each pattern stands for a distinct chemical element, and so different sets or patterns of spectral lines mean that the star has a different chemical composition. So how do we know which spectral patterns match up with which elements? Well, a kind of spectroscopic library of elements was compiled using flame tests. A known element, say a piece of iron for example, is heated in a pure gas flame. The iron eventually heats to the point that it radiates light. This light is passed through a prism, which breaks it up into a spectrum. And a unique pattern, kind of like a chemical fingerprint of spectral lines for that element appears. This process was repeated over and over again for many different elements, so we can figure out the chemical makeup of another star by comparing the spectral pattern it has to the pattern of the elements in the library.

26. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 学生是 “ 白痴 ” ，其他人都是大神 对话： “ 有困难，找组织 ” 组织是强大的 讲座独角戏：老师自 high 讲座师生互动相声 学生是 “ 托 ” 老师抖包袱

27. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 对话原则： 提出问题 — 分析原因 — 寻找可能方案 - - 解决问题 / 建议 - 满意而归 “ 自黑 ” 选项不选 ETS 是代表美国教学委员会，不会出现抹黑美国教育 体制的现象，比如教学设施不足，教授讲课不好，教 学资源不足，美国法律不完善，美国体制不好。。。 ×

28. 小马公开课 400-663-1986 小马公开课网址： bbs.xiaoma.com/gkk 萌百科 萌老师 chengmeng@xiaoma.com