1. FORESEC Academy FORESEC Academy Security Essentials (II)

2. FORESEC Academy Agenda  Access Control - Techniques - Models  Passwords - Password Cracking - Password Management

3. FORESEC Academy Key Terms & Principles  Data Owner  Data Custodian  Separation of duties  Least Privilege

4. FORESEC Academy Access Control Techniques  Discretionary (DAC)  Mandatory (MAC)  Role-based  Rule-based  List-based  Token-based

5. FORESEC Academy Lattice Techniques  Access Matrix - Objects - Subjects  Bell-LaPadula  Biba  Clark-Wilson

6. FORESEC Academy Lattice Techniques (2) Bell-LaPadula  Designed for Military Environment  Address only Confidentiality  Rules - Simple Security Property - Star Property (* Property) - Strong Star Property

7. FORESEC Academy Lattice Techniques (3) Biba  Model for Integrity  Suited for Commercial Environment  Rules - Simple Integrity Property - Integrity Start Property  Information only flow downwards

8. FORESEC Academy Lattice Techniques (4) Clark-Wilson  Integrity Model  Use an access triple - Subject, Program, Object  Prevent loss or corruption of data  Ensure well formed transactions

9. FORESEC Academy Access Management  Account administration  Maintenance  Monitoring  Revocation

10. FORESEC Academy Access Control Models  State machine  Information flow  Covert channels  Non-interference

11. FORESEC Academy Protocols  Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)  Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)

12. FORESEC Academy Centralized Control  TACACS  RADIUS  Domains & Trusts  Active Directory  Kerberos

13. FORESEC Academy Access Control: Biometrics  Hand: Fingerprint, hand geometry  Eye: retina, iris  Face: Thermograms, Photo  Voice print  Mannerisms: keystroke, tread, handwriting

14. FORESEC Academy Access Control: Biometrics (2) Key factors in selecting biometrics:  Reliability - FRR, FAR, CER, EER  User friendliness  Cost

15. FORESEC Academy Single Sign-On (SSO)  User only have to log on once  Credentials are carried with user  Simplifies User management  Allow centralized management  User only has to remember one set of credentials

16. FORESEC Academy Single Sign-On (2)  Can take different forms: - Scripts - Directory Services - Kerberos - Thin Clients  Security Issues  Interoperability Issues

17. FORESEC Academy Access Control: Passwords

18. FORESEC Academy What is Password Cracking? Discovering a plan text password given an encrypted password.

19. FORESEC Academy Methods of Password Cracking  Dictionary attack  Hybrid attack  Brute force attack

20. FORESEC Academy Unix Password Cracking - Crack  Name: Crack  Operating System: Unix  Brief Description: Crack is a "password guessing" program that is designed to quickly identify accounts having weak passwords given a Unix password file.

21. FORESEC Academy Crack  Available from ftp://ftp.cerias.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/pwdutils/crack  Features - Configurable password cracking - Modular approach with various scripts - Combining and extracting password files - Works with any crypt() implementation

22. FORESEC Academy Configuring Crack  Download Crack file  Unzip the file using gzip - gunzip -r crack5.0.tar.gz  Untar the file - tar -xvf crack5.0.tar  Read manual.txt  Edit the script file  Compile program - Crack -makeonly - Crack -makedict

23. FORESEC Academy Running Crack  Run Crack with a password file - Crack [options] [-fmt format] [file...] - Crack myfile  Pipe output to a file - Crack myfile > output  Run Reporter script to see results -./Reporter [-quiet] [-html]

24. FORESEC Academy Effectiveness of Crack  User Eric password eric – CRACKED  User John password john1234  User Mike password 5369421  User Mary password #57adm7#  User Sue password sue – CRACKED  User Lucy password 12345 – CRACKED  User Pat no password – CRACKED  User Tim password password – CRACKED  User Cathy password 55555 – CRACKED  User Frank password abcde – CRACKED  User Tom password mnopqr  User Karen password bbbbbbbb - CRACKED

25. FORESEC Academy How to Protect Against it  Enforce a strong password policy  Use shadow passwords  Use one-time passwords  Use passwd to enforce strong passwords