1. The Urinary System

2. Function of Urinary System Filters blood of waste products THEN Expels the waste from the body in the form of urine

4. 1. The kidneys Regulate the levels of water, sodium, potassium (sodium and potassium are examples of electrolytes) Remove urea from blood

5. Anatomy of the Kidney Renal cortex – outer layer Medulla – middle layer Pelvis - inner section which is the central collecting area located at wide end of ureter

6. Nephron Is the filtering unit of the kidney – blood is filtered here Contains glomeruli which contain capillaries (i.e. minute blood vessels) that take blood to & from nephron Forms urine

7. Ureters Carry urine from the pelvis of the kidney to the bladder Ureters are muscular tubes lined with mucous membrane

8. Bladder Is a hollow muscular sac that holds the urine Is also referred to as a vesicle When urine is expelled it is called micturition, voiding or urination

9. Urethra Single canal that carries urine from the bladder to the outside if the body Urinary meatus is the term given to the external opening of the urethra Urine is made up of 95% water & 5% waste products

10. Word Components Word partCombining formMeaning ur, -uriaur/ourine urinurin/a, urin/o, urin/iurine renren/orenal albuminalbumin/oalbumin (protein) cystcyst/obladder (sac) vesicvesic/obladder (or sac, blister) -gramXray,image, tracing, recording hydro-hydr/owater lithlith/ostone -tripsycrushing

11. Word Components Word partCombining formMeaning nephrnephr/okidney ( nephron, glomerulus etc) oligo-olig/ofew, deficient, little amount e.g. oliguria poly-many, much e.g. polyuria -ptosisfalling, displacement pyelpyel/orefers to the space inside kidney e.g pyelonephritis trigontrigon/otrigone of the bladder ureterureter/oureter (canal from kidney to bladder) urethrurethr/ourethra (tube that carries urine to outside of body) Act 1

12. Disorders of the Urinary System 2 major types 1. Filtration of blood in kidney is disturbed 2. Flow of urine is blocked

13. Renal Failure Disturbance to filtration of blood leads to the blood becoming toxic Dialysis is the process by which artificial filtration of the blood is carried out Renal failure is caused by damage to the kidneys e,g, infections, trauma, cancer, certain drugs

14. Blockages Can occur in ureters, bladder, or urethra Can be caused by inflammation from infections, tumours, stones known as renal calculi Blockage can cause a build up of urine which can then lead to kidney damage

15. Other Disoreders Disorder / DiseaseDefinition Albuminuriapresence of protein (Albumin in urine) Anuriaabsence of urine cystitisinflammation of the bladder Enuresisincontinence at night, bedwetting frequencypassing urine more than every 2 hours Haematuriablood in the urine incontinenceinvoluntary passing of urine nephrolithosisabnormal condition of stones (calculi) in the kidney

16. Urinary Disorders Disorder / DiseaseDefinition nocturiaabnormal urination at night polyuriapassing large amounts of urine, frequently proteinuriapresence of above level of protein in urine pyelonephritisinflammation of the kidney caused by a bacterial infection renal calculistone in the urinary tract urine retentioninability to pass urine urinalysisa test to analyse the composition of urine urinary alkalinisera medication to reduce the acidity of urine (e.g. Ural) Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) a general term given to mean an infection in the ureters, bladder, &/or urethra Act 3

17. Abbreviations ARFAcute Renal Failure BUNBlood, urea, nitrogen CRFChronic Renal Failure HDhaemodialysis HNPUhas not passed urine IVPintravenous pyelogram KUBkidneys, ureters, bladder MSUmid stream urine TURtransurehtral resection (of the prostate) UAuirnalysis UTIurinary tract infection

18. Procedures Haemodialysisprocedure for removing waste products from blood through an artificial filter known as a dialyliser or kidney machine pyelogram (intravenous) injection of contrast medium into the blood stram which then runs through the kidneys & an Xray is taken pyelogram (antegrade) contrast medium is injected into the renal pelvis & Xrays are taken of the passage of the dye from the kidney to the ureters & bladder pyelogram (retrograde) a cystoscope is inserted into the bladder through which a fine tube is passed. Contrast medium is then injected & Xrays taken. Retrograde refers to medium injected against the usual flow of urine Act – diagram)