1. WHAT HAPPENS IF DNA HAS ERRORS?!!!
MUTATIONS
WHAT HAPPENS IF DNA HAS ERRORS?!!!

2. What is the relationship between an organism’s DNA and protein specificity?
DNA becomes a specific part of the protein structure
DNA determines the ribosomal RNA sequence that becomes part of the protein structure
DNA determines which RNA molecules are incorporated into protein molecules
DNA determines the amino acid sequence of each protein.

3. The synthesis of structure X occurred in the:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Vacuole

4. What is something you noticed about the video clip?
What is something you noticed about the video clip?
What do you think is going to happen next?

5. What did you notice happen in this video clip?
What did you notice happen in this video clip?
What do you think could happen to Peter Parker?

6. What happened in this video clip?
What happened in this video clip?
What is 1 word you can use to describe what happened to Peter Parker?

7. Figure out the mRNA and amino acid sequence for the original strand

8. Figure out the mRNA and amino acid sequence for the original strand
Repeat this for #1-#4.

9. Figure out the mRNA and amino acid sequence for the original strand
AUG AUA GCU UAA
Met.-Ile.-Ala.-stop
Figure out the mRNA and amino acid sequence for the original strand
Repeat this for #1-#4.
Compare the mRNA and amino acid sequence of #1-#4 to the original strand and write down what you notice!
AUG AUA CCU UAA
Met.-Ile.-Pro.-stop
AUG AUA GCC UAA
Met.-Ile.-Ala.-stop
AUG UAU AGC CUA A
Met.- Tyr.-Ser.-Leu. 
AUG AUA CUU AA
Met.-Ile.-Leu.-

10. WHAT HAPPENS IF DNA HAS ERRORS?!!!
MUTATIONS
WHAT HAPPENS IF DNA HAS ERRORS?!!!

11. DNA Mutations:
Mutation - Change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information; error or mistake in copying DNA.

12. SILENT Point mutations would NOT change the protein
Types of Mutations:
1. Point Mutations - Mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another.
Substitution – one base is changed to another
Original: AUGUAC → Met – Tyr
Mutated: AUGUAG → Met – Stop
(causes the amino acid chain to stop protein production early)
SILENT Point mutations would NOT change the protein

14. Types of Mutations:
2. Frameshift Mutations - Mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide.
Insertions – A base is inserted into the DNA sequence.
Deletions - A base is removed from the DNA sequence.
Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Frame Shift: The fat caa tet hew eer at.
(Frame shift mutations affect all subsequent amino acids!)

16. Significance of Mutations:
Many mutations have little or no effect on the expression of genes. Mutations may be harmful and may be the cause of many genetic disorders and cancer. Source of genetic variability in a species (may be highly beneficial).

17. What Varies in Our DNA:
Mutations cause a change in the sequence of the nitrogen bases (or the order of nucleotides). This creates differences between organisms (physical or not) because the DNA sequences are not similar, so the genes do not code for the same traits! GENE: AAGCCTAGCAC = MUTATED GENE: AAGCTTAGCAC = no fingerprint!