1. Alexandru Dancu 1 Zlatko Franjcic 2,1 Morten Fjeld 1 1 t2i lab, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden2 Qualisys AB Smart Flashlight Map Navigation Using a Bike-mounted Projector

2. Observation and Idea Using mobile phones. Google glass - you don’t have to tilt your head to switch focus - for use in motion Replace light from a flashlight/headlight with information “Mobile” phone video

3. video “Mobile” phones http://www.complexmag.ca/tech/2012/11/people-who-cant-text-and-walk-at-the-same-time/

4. “Mobile” phones are not mobile, assume stop-to- interact [1]. Consider reality of mobile device usage. Map navigation applications Mobile Interaction Does Not Exist [1] Joe Marshall and Paul Tennent. 2013. Mobile interaction does not exist. In CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '13).

5. Related work, GPS navigation on bikes and cars Tacticycle Martin Pielot, Benjamin Poppinga, Wilko Heuten, and Susanne Boll. 2012. Tacticycle: supporting exploratory bicycle trips. In Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human- computer interaction with mobile devices and services (MobileHCI '12). Normal Troubles of driving with GPS Barry Brown and Eric Laurier. 2012. The normal natural troubles of driving with GPS. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '12).

6. Related work, projectors on bikes Bike Lane https://www.blaze.cc/ RPi speedometer http://mattrichardson.com/ SmartFlashlight video

7. How it looks like video

8. Compare navigation of map projection with map on smartphone Setup Projector Phone

9. We wanted the cyclist not to follow instruction blindly be more aware about the environment to think and interpret information Importance of “providing contextual information to help a driver make decisions about the turns they make” [1] Tacticycle: “By not having turn-by-turn navigation, the bike rider could be more aware about the environment” [2] [1] Barry Brown and Eric Laurier. 2012. The normal natural troubles of driving with GPS. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '12). [2] Martin Pielot, Benjamin Poppinga, Wilko Heuten, and Susanne Boll. 2012. Tacticycle: supporting exploratory bicycle trips. In Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services (MobileHCI '12). No turn-by-turn instructions

10. Pilot study -6 people, 2-4 routes, 1-3km - helped design the experiment decided for 4 trials > account for novelty effect and learning Experiment -16 participants, 4 routes, 1km, 5min -urban environment during night -2 x 4 (device: M-P; trial: 1-4) -alternate: M-P-M-P and P-M-P-M Task workload -7-point Likert scale > -Mental demand was statistically significant p<0.01 P value Null hypothesis 2 factors: within-subjects design Why isn’t the route a factor?? Route wasn’t considered a factor because this experiment presented qualitative data Experiment, rating task workload

11. Navigation with map projection Compared with map on smartphone Usability. Experiment, rating usability Fun Helpful Safe Easy Attentive Visible

12. Additional analysis (not in paper) Experiment, head tilts Total of 1648 head tilts for 16 participants. The head tilt frequency was - 7.7s in the case of the mobile (total count: 820) - 7.8s for the projector (total count: 828). Not statistically significant across M&P. But really close to the average glance frequency 7.8 seconds in car audio-visual GPS configurations Brit Susan Jensen, Mikael B. Skov, and Nissanthen Thiruravichandran. 2010. Studying driver attention and behaviour for three configurations of GPS navigation in real traffic driving. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '10)

13. Discussion Eye-to-digital information (EI) distance Normal-view-to-digital information distance (NVI) The normal view is characterized by the field of view (FOV) and the line of sight directed ahead. This would explain the lower cognitive load in the projector case. Consider these parameters when designing visual mobile devices. If digital information is outside the FOV, the head moves towards that info. Resulting in head tilt, so the line of sight changes as in the projection view. Suggested parameters influencing the results:

14. Conclusion Map navigation using a bike-mounted projector works. Using a projector yields a lower mental demand than with a phone display. Visuo-spatial factors for designing mobile visual devices.

15. Lessons learned / Future work In future, to measure and test objective measures such as completion time head tilt frequency we suggest to i) control participants cycling proficiency ii) control traffic – real world context? iii) improve GPS accuracy iv) control map navigation skills.

16. Take away Current “mobile” devices are not meant to be used in motion. Design for real-world context.

17. This work was supported by the EU FP7 People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) under REA Grant Agreement 290227 and 289404. Open PhD position soon Thank you