1. Photo Credit: Photograph by Chris Newbert/Minden Pictures Unit 19 Invertebrate Animals

2. Photo Credit: Photograph by Chris Newbert/Minden Pictures Introduction In this unit we will introduce characteristics of Kingdom Animalia and focus on invertebrate animals (that lack a backbone).

3. Characteristics of Animals Eukaryotic; their cells have a nucleus w/ specialized organelles Cells DO NOT have cell walls Multicellular Heterotrophs; animals cannot make their own food

4. Characteristics of Animals Cont. Feeding/Excretion Support/Movement Respiration/ Circulation Response to Environment Reproduction All to maintain - Homeostasis http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo s/schools-fish/school-of-grunt-fish-photography.html

5. Homeostasis Homeostasis is the process by which animals maintain a fairly stable internal environment. Organisms require a set of constants for survival. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7121/images/nature0548 4-f1.2.jpg

6. Feeding and Excretion Animals must find, consume, and digest food for energy. They must also get rid of waste products. Just as the machines in a factory produce waste, the cells of organisms often produce a “trash” substance called ammonia which is poisonous. The excretion (to get rid of) of wastes from the body varies between organisms. http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photos/colorful-sea- creatures/pygmy-seahorse-doubilet.html

7. Most animals are active and require energy for movement. Some animals are sessile, or permanently attached to one spot (EX sponges). Most animals are motile and are free-moving at some time in their life cycle (which allows offspring to settle in a new place). Some animals are passive and move only when carried by another force such as water currents or wind. http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photos/und erwater-scenes/basket-sea-star-photography.html Support & Movement

8. Respiration & Circulation Animals must have oxygen to release energy within cells. Some animals use lungs while some aquatic animals use gills to bring in oxygen and get rid of the CO2 by product of cellular activity. Others use diffusion to pass the gases in and out of their body. http://www.tunalab.unh.edu/IMAGES/gills.jpg

9. Response Animals must be aware of their environment to obtain food, seek protection from predators, find mates and reproduce, etc. Animals respond to their environment using specialized nerve cells to sense external stimuli (light, sound, etc) and to process information. EX The shark using senses. http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photo graphy/photo-of-the-day/shark-kingman-reef- pod.html

10. Reproduction Animals must reproduce to maintain the species. Most reproduce sexually using sperm and an egg. Some can reproduce asexually (from just one parent). http://z.about.com/d/biology/1/0/-/2/pbear.jpg

11. Animal Body Symmetry Asymmetry – lack of symmetry (EX sponge). Radial symmetry – circular arrangement around a central point (EX sea star). Bilateral symmetry – arrangement along a middle plane (EX human). http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/far abee/biobk/bodysymm.gif

12. Review of Taxonomy There are nine categories of taxonomy and all living things are sorted by their genetic relationships and characteristics they possess. Species [the most specific]GenusFamilyOrderClassPhylumKingdomDomain [the most general]

13. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera TxBkRef pg. 693-697 AKA Sponges are the oldest and simplest and probably most unusual animals.  Name means “pore-bearer”  Sponges are sessile and do not move (as adults). http://www.lpdatafiles.com/data/mso2003/SCUBA%20SPONGES.jpg

14. Sponge Cont.  No symmetry (asymmetry)  Sponges lack special tissues  They have structures that pump water through their body to respire and filter food, and excrete waste.  Sponge Video Sponge Video http://www.scubaheartland.com/photos/sponges.jpg

15. Sponge Photos http://www.padi.com/scuba/uploadedImages/Scuba_Diving_Trips/Scuba_Diving_Resort_Vacations/Diver% 20with%20Sponge%20Coral%20Belize%20Barrier%20Reef_Image%20Copyright%202009%20- %20Tony%20Rath%20of%20Tony%20Rath%20Photography%20www.tonyrath.com.jpg

16. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria TxBkRef pg. 698-705 Think floating jellyfish and anemones!  Found all over the world, cnidarians (C is silent) are soft bodied, carnivorous animals with stinging tentacles.  Some are sessile, some motile (they move) http://san-pedro-aquarium.california-california.info/Cnidarians.gif

17. Cnidarians Cont.  Radial symmetry  Cnidocytes – unique cells on the tentacles that contain stinging, poisonous barbs to capture prey  Cnidarians make up the world’s coral reefs http://www.corkvisioncentre.com/cor kvisioncentre/Images/Underwater- Realm-2.jpg http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/589/flashcar ds/720467/png/screen-capture-2.png

18. Cnidarians Photos http://www.mbgnet.net/salt/animals/1coral.jpg http://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/cnidarian.html

19. Photos Cont. http://www.ucihs.uci.edu/biochem/steele/Physalia.htm http://www.ima gequest3d.com /photos/combje llies/index.htm  Jellyfish Video Jellyfish Video

20. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Platyhelminthes TxBk Ref pg. 706-710 AKA Flatworms are un- segmented (no rings) and appear flat, most only a few millimeters thick.  They move to obtain food and escape predators.  Bilateral symmetry, and cephalization (a head region) http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/pseudobiceros.jpg

21. Flatworm Cont.  They have a single digestive opening, a mouth/anus in which food enters and undigested waste leaves.  Do not need a circulatory or respiratory system to transport materials, but use diffusion. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/flatworm.gif

22. Flatworms Cont.  They can be both carnivorous or parasitic (EX tapeworms can live inside the human intestines).  Flatworm Video 1 Flatworm Video 1  Flatworm Video 2 Flatworm Video 2 http://biology.ucok.edu/AnimalBiology/Platyhelminthes/tapeworms.jpg

23. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Nematoda TxBkRef pg. 711-713 AKA Roundworms, are unsegmented worms that can be microscopic or a meter!  Most roundworms are free moving and are found in the soil or water; many are parasites that live in plants and animals.  Bilateral symmetry http://www.robots4farms.com/scubadivingpictures_files/daphneislet_files/99_j ms_RoseRibbonWorm_90p_P2250080.jpg

24. Roundworms Cont.  Humans can be infected with roundworms such as Ascaris lumbricoides which causes Ascariasis [affecting 1.3 billion people worldwide].  Roundworm parasites can be spread through contaminated produce, unwashed hands, and raw fish.  Roundworm Video Roundworm Video http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMicm054199

25. Roundworms Photos With over 250,000 known cases across the United States, canine heartworm disease continues to plague our pets.

26. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Annelida TxBkRef pg. 728-733 Think earthworms and leeches!  AKA worms with segmented bodies  The name means “little rings”. http://www.seawater.no/fauna/annelida/images/DSC08786.jpg

27. Segmented Worms Cont.  Most are free moving and are found in the soil as decomposers or in water.  Bilateral symmetry  Have fully formed organ systems with a simple brain, nerves, heart and blood vessels, etc.  Worm Video 1 Worm Video 1  Worm Video 2 Worm Video 2 http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/schaffer/182/Annelid.jpg

28. Annelid Photos http://www.corbisimages.com/images/67/CC068D92-8C8A-4D6F-AC05-0092B9A74CF7/FL006311.jpg http://img.ehowcdn.com/article-new- thumbnail/ehow/images/a08/7n/4n/annelid- worms-800x800.jpg

29. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Mollusca TxBkRef pg. 721-727 Think snails, clams, and the octopus!  Characterized by soft bodies that is sometimes with a shell.  Bilateral symmetry  Have fully formed organ systems http://www.greenfacts.org/images/glossary/mollusk.jpg

30. Some Classes of Mollusks  Class Gastropoda (mollusks with shells; EX snails)  Snail Video Snail Video http://images.natureworldnews.com/data/images/full/1255/giant-african-land- snail.jpg?w=600

31. Some Classes of Mollusks Cont.  Class Bivalva (mollusks with a hinged shell; EX clams and oysters)  Clam Video Clam Video http://www.gochart.com/dig_photo/clams.JPG http://www.oceanwideimages.com/images/8256/large/giant-clam-24M1600-28.jpg

32. Some Classes of Mollusks Cont.  Class Cephalopoda (most advanced, intelligent mollusks; EX nautilus, squid, octopus Ink to confuse predators Can manipulate skin colors Tentacles to attack prey  Octopus Video Octopus Video  Squid Video Squid Video http://marinebio.org/upload/_cephs/Hapalochlaena-maculosa/3.jpg

33. Mollusks Photos http://www.uni-giessen.de/uni/broschuere/FB08-Nautilus.jpg http://www.saczoo.com/3_kids/20_camoufla ge/images/octupus.jpg http://www.arkive.org/humboldt-squid/dosidicus-gigas/image-G131180.html

34. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Echinodermata TxBkRef pg. 763-769 Think sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins!  Means "spiny skin“ and these organisms live only in the ocean.  Radial symmetry  Have fully formed organ systems  Echinoderms have the ability to regenerate their limbs.  Echinoderm Video 1 Echinoderm Video 1  Echinoderm Video 2 Echinoderm Video 2 http://www.museums.org.za/bio/images/mb/mb0556x.jpg

35. Echinoderms Photos These are the elaborate filter- feeding tentacles of a Sea Apple. http://www.wetwebmedia.com/ca/cav1i4/echinoderms/sea_apple.jpg http://www.arkive.org/purple-sea-urchin/strongylocentrotus- purpuratus/image-G69185.html

36. Echinoderms Photos Cont. http://www.arkive.org/sea-star/odontaster-validus/

37. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda TxBkRef pg. 741-754 Think butterflies, shrimp, and spiders!  Means “jointed feet”  Bilateral symmetry  Have fully formed organ systems Sensing antennae for sound, odor too Well developed eyes http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/th umb/9/99/150px-Zorak-Mantis.png

38. Arthropods Cont.  They have segmented bodies fused into larger body regions.  Exoskeleton - made of chitin; is a hard covering outside of body for support and protection  Molting –; shedding of old exoskeleton required for an arthropod to grow  Arthropod Video Arthropod Video http://www.vifishandwildlife.com/Education/FactShe et/Images/Lobster.jpg

39. Some Classes of Arthropods  Class Arachnida –have four pairs of walking legs, chewing mouthparts, and two body segments; EX spiders, ticks, and scorpions  Spider Video Spider Video http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/black- widow-spider/?source=A-to-Z http://www.arkive.org/arabian-fat-tailed-scorpion/androctonus-crassicauda/

40. Sun Spider Mouth Close Up ImageImage

41. Some Classes of Arthropods Cont.  Class Crustacea – chewing mouthparts, two pair of antennae, and two body segments typically with five legs with clawsc; EX shrimp, crabs  Crab Video Crab Video http://www.mbari.org/seminars/2004/fall200 4/shrimp.jpg http://www.arkive.org/coconut-crab/birgus-latro/image-G8535.html

42. Some Classes of Arthropods Cont.  Class Insecta– have mouthparts, most have compound eyes, antennae and three body segments with six legs; EX grasshoppers, flies, and beetles http://img.allw.mn/content/www/2010/07/10-coolest-insects/brentid- weevils_10-coolest-insects.jpg http://www.arkive.org/elephant-beetle/megasoma-elephas/image- G104875.html

43. Ants lovingly nurture various kinds of true bugs (Hemiptera), often stroking them gently and protecting them from predators and parasites. The bugs reward the ants with sugary nectar in the form of honeydew that they secrete as a waste product from feeding on the sap of the plants. These are scale insects (the red blobs) being tended by redheaded cocktail ants in Kenya. In many ways this relationship is similar to humans keeping cattle or other livestock and milking them. Photograph by Dino Martins National Geographic

44. The Evolution of Invertebrates Fossil evidence shows that the first animals [sponges – shown to the right] evolved from Protists with flagella about 650 million years ago.  Sponge Video Sponge Video The second group to evolve were Cnidarians; but because they are soft bodied, they do not fossilize well [estimates are about 630 million years ago]. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article- 2097609/Fossils-Namibia-worlds-oldest- animal-life--oldest-ancestor-sponge-760- million-years-ago.html

45. This fossil jellyfish shows similarity to the modern jellyfish, Cunina (right). It was one of four different types of jellyfish dated back to the Cambrian by researchers in 2007. These ancient jellyfish showed the same complexity as modern jellyfish, meaning they either developed rapidly 500 million years ago, or today’s varieties are much older. ImageImage

46. Invertebrate Evolution Cont. Flat and roundworms are thought to have evolved next, but their soft bodies make it hard to find fossil evidence. Segmented worms [annelids] evolved first in the sea, about 540 million years ago. http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/Lebane se-Lagerstatt/Annelida/Annelidab.htm http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Cambrian- Explosion/Annelid2/aworm.htm

47. Invertebrate Evolution Cont. Mollusks evolved next, about 500 million years ago – many types of shelled mollusks, like the nautilus, were found in the early oceans of Earth.  A fossilized nautilus [left], the modern [right]  Nautilus Video Nautilus Video http://qrius.si.edu/browse/object/10022862#.U2jhJYH_xyI http://www.arkive.org/nautilus/nautilus-pompilius/image-G68046.html

48. Invertebrate Evolution Cont. Arthropods evolved about 500 million years ago; they began in the seas, like their early ancestor, the trilobite [see image, extinct for 248 million years]. Arthropods became the first land animals, circa 300 million years ago.  Arthropod Video Arthropod Video http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walliserops_trifurcatus,_Early_Devonian,_Timr hanrhart_Formation,_Jbel_Gara_el_Zguilma,_Draa_Valley,_Morocco_- _Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01584.JPG

49. http://www.evolution- textbook.org/content/free/figures/10_EVOW_Art/23_EVOW_CH10.jpg

50. Invertebrate Evolution Cont. Echinoderms are considered the group most closely connected to chordates; they first appeared in the fossil record about 540 million years ago. Echinoderms and chordates both develop similarly after fertilization [they are deuterostomes]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protovsdeuterostomes.svg