1. A Brief History of Audio in Film (excerpt)

2. Sound comes to film over 3 decades of significant innovation declining profits in 1927-28 led film companies to push the wide- spread implementation of sound for film by 1931 all Hollywood movies are ‘talkies’

3. Three Phases of Technological Development InnovationInventionDiffusion

4. Major Early Events 1877 - Edison makes first sound recording 1895 - Edison introduces Kinetophone 1902 - Gaumont introduces Chronophone

5. 3 Major Problems synchronization amplification cost

6. Synchronization problem solved 1913 - Edison introduces a new version of the Kinetophone It successfully synchronized with picture

7. 2 Major Problems still remained synchronization amplification cost

8. Amplification problem solved 1904 - Daniel Higham invents the Higham-A-Phone reproducer, the amplifier used in the Columbia Graphophone 1906 - Lee DeForest invents the Audion, an early tube amplifier 1908 - E.E. Norton invents the Cameraphone

9. 1 Major Problem still remained synchronization amplification cost

10. Making Sound for Film Cost Effective 1911-1919 - Western Electric and Lee DeForest develop Vitaphone, a method of recording and reproducing sound electronically on disc. 1921 - DeForest patents phonofilm, a method of recording sound on film 1926 - Warner Bros. releases Don Juan, the first film to include music on an amplified sound-track using the Vitaphone system. 1927 -The Jazz Singer featuring Al Jolson is released by Warner Bros. First full-length film with synchronized dialog. 1927 - Fox Film Corp. produces newsreels with a sound on film process called Movietone.

11. Making Sound for Film Cost Effective May 1928 - the major film companies sign with AT&T to produce pictures with sound on film. End of 1920s - Most theaters no longer have a house orchestra and organist. 1928 -- Warner Bros. releases The Singing Fool -- again starring Al Jolson. Makes an unprecedented $5,000,000.

12. Silent Films are history Mass Production and lower cost implementations resolved the last problem. Sound for Film was now cost effective and making film companies more money than ever!