1. Feeding I: Overview & Beak JodyLee Estrada Duek, Ph.D. With much assistance from Dr. Gary Ritchison http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/avian_biology.htm

2. Because of their high metabolic rates Birds must consume more food in proportion to their size than most animals. – a warbler might eat 80 percent of its body weight in a day. – birds consume just about any type of food: amphibians, ants, buds, carrion, crustaceans, fish, fruit, grass, insects, larvae, leaves, molluscs, nectar, other birds, pollen, reptiles, rodents, roots, sap, seeds, suet, snails, wax, & worms To meet their metabolic needs while remaining as light as possible (to be efficient flyers), the digestive system of birds has to be – light as possible – efficient as possible Weight has been minimized by – loss of teeth – limited jaw musculature. http://www.nps.gov/cebr/naturescience/images/Orange-crowned_Warbler.jpg

3. Efficient Feeders Must keep weight as low as possible Limited amount of fat can be stored – except perhaps prior to migration 'Efficient' means birds locate, ingest, & digest food quickly and efficiently Next slide: Retention time (in hours) for fluid & particulate digesta markers in gastrointestinal tracts of representative reptiles, birds, & mammals (Stevens & Hume 1998) Magnificent hummingbird, SWRS, Chiricahua Mtns., AZ

4. In general, typical mean retention times are 30 - 50 minutes for avian nectarivores, 40 - 100 minutes for granivores, and 15 - 60 minutes for frugivores (Karasov 1990, Klasing 1998). SpeciesBody mass Fluid retention time (hr) Particle retention time (hr) Iguana-<48207 Broad-tailed Hummingbird 1 3.3 gm1.2- Rock Ptarmigan460 gm9.91.9 Sooty Albatross2.5 kg6.315 Rockhopper Penguin 2.5 kg3.817 Emu38 kg3.94.7 rabbit2.1kg3927 pig176 kg3948

5. Typical Avian Digestive System Source: http://numbat.murdoch.edu.au/Anatomy/avian/fig4.1.GIFhttp://numbat.murdoch.edu.au/Anatomy/avian/fig4.1.GIF

6. A bird's bill consists of a bony framework covered by tough layer of keratin keratin layer continuously worn down by eating and manipulating hard objects keratin layer continuously replaced cutting edges of the beak: tomia critical in food acquisition, shape varies with food http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/cont ent/image_galleries/northumbri a_icons_farne_puffin_gallery.sht ml http://www.tropicalbirding.com/tripReports/TR_N orthernAndesEcuador_Jan07/tripreportnortherna ndesjan07.htm

7. Bill examples Flamingos use a series of projections, or lamellae, to filter tiny food items from debris in the water. Flamingos Swifts are aerial insectivores & use their wide gape to help capture flying insects. Eagles (and hawks) are diurnal raptors & use their hook-like bills to tear apart large prey.hawksdiurnal raptors Shovelers use their spatula-shaped bills to filter food from mud & water. Shovelers Crossbills use their 'crossed-bill' to extract seeds from pine cones. Herons use their bills to spear small fish and amphibians. Herons Avocets sweep their long up-curved bills from side-to-side through the water to capture small invertebrates (or use it like a forceps to pick up prey). Avocets or use it like a forceps to pick up prey Woodpeckers use their chisel-like bills to chop away wood & expose insects and insect larvae. Woodpeckers Wrens use their thin, probing bill to capture small insects. Curlews use their long bill to probe mudflats for small invertebrates. Curlews Hawfinches are seed-eaters & use their bills to crack open large, hard seeds.seed-eatersbills to crack open large, hard seeds Macaws use their strong hook-like bills to feed on nuts. Macaws Mallards & other waterfowl use their bills to filter small invertebrates from mud and water.other waterfowl Skimmers use their elongated lower mandible to skim the surface of the water & capture small fish and invertebrates. Skimmers skim the surface of the water

8. A kingfisher capturing prey!

9. Toucan beak

10. outer shell is hexagonal keratin tiles cemented together with organic glue and piled in several staggered layers The interior is rigid "foam" composed of bony fibers and drum-like membranes sandwiched between outer layers of keratin The "foam" is covered with overlapping keratin tiles, each about 50 µm in diameter and 1 µm thick, glued together to form sheets. The closed, air-filled spaces reduce overall weight without loss of rigidity.

11. Bill A bony framework covered by a tough layer of keratin keratin layer is continuously replaced throughout the life of a bird & is just as continuously worn down by eating and manipulating hard objects cutting edges of the beak are the tomia The bill plays a critical role in food acquisition &, of course, bill morphology varies with food habitsbill morphology

12. Finch eating seeds lower mandible is moved toward the tip of the bill in a slicing motion. When most of the coat has been cracked or removed, the lower mandible is moved from side to side to remove the rest of the shell, releasing the kernel

13. Hummingbird catching insects Hummingbirds have bendy lower beaks to help them catch insects (Yanega and Rubega 2004). Rubega The flexibility allows long- beaked birds to open their mouths wide enough to hunt on the wing. Hummingbirds use their long, narrow beaks to probe flowers for nectar, but they also need insects for essential nutrients. birds that hunt flying insects usually have short beaks to help them open their mouths wide. - Helen R. Pilcher, Nature Science UpdateHelen R. Pilcher, Nature Science Update

14. Cape Gannet Capturing Prey Photo source: http://www.homepages.mcb.net/wormwell/Gannet130604.htm plummeting from up to 30 m into the water, where they seize fish with their razor- sharp beaks. Ropert-Coudert et al. (2004)

15. Kingfisher http://ww3.osf.co.uk/ftg_runclip.html?clip_id=9348&file_type_id=2 from above http://ww3.osf.co.uk/ftg_runclip.html?clip_id=9348&file_type_id=2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgrRD4ono6k from below http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgrRD4ono6k

16. Hyacinth Macaw eating palm nuts http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLh6u587I8E http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLh6u587I8E Black Skimmers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Q8unR8XEZQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Q8unR8XEZQ Red-tailed Hawk eating a Red Squirrel (graphic!) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lNnrb5sX6uk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lNnrb5sX6uk Foraging Wilson's Petrels The Bird That Walks On Water - video powered by Metacafe The Bird That Walks On Water - video powered by Metacafe Pale-billed Woodpecker (Mayflower Bocawina National Park, Belize) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwFOmwBXHmo (Mayflower Bocawina National Park, Belize) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwFOmwBXHmo Vultures move in on lion kill: Video Cory’s Shearwaters & Common Dolphins http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozTlQzzw-8A http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozTlQzzw-8A Red-necked Phalarope http://birdcinema.com/view_video.php?viewkey=feedfdeaab192ead4ac0 http://birdcinema.com/view_video.php?viewkey=feedfdeaab192ead4ac0 Birds Feeding