1. Final Review C483 Spring 2013

2. Replication

9. Transcription

11. Nonspecific binding One-dimensional promoter search Holoenzyme and promoter form closed complex Open complex allows initiation Sigma subunit released; promoter is cleared and elongation starts

12. Eukaryotic Transcription Multiple RNA Polymerases— compartmentalization General Transcription Factors Role of Chromatin mRNA processing

14. Operon Three genes for three proteins controlled by single promoter region (operon) Lac repressor (not part of operon) B-galactosidase (hydrolyse lactose) Lactose permease Thiogalactoside transacetylase

15. Translation

16. Overview Genetic Code tRNA structure Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Ribosome structure Next lecture: initiation, elongation, termination

18. tRNA Phe

21. Question Distribution Comprehensive (chapters 1-19) – Approximately 2-3 questions/chapter – Study questions from lectures – Major in the majors – Be able to apply major principles Chapters 20-22 – Approximately 5-6 questions per chapter

22. Chapter Overviews 1.Compartmentalization 2.IMF, acid/base, pH and buffers 3.Amino acids and primary structure 4.Protein structure and Hemoglobin 5.Enzyme kinetics, Inhibitors, allosteric 6.Catalytic mechanisms, serine protease

23. 7. Function of coenzymes 8. Structure of carbohydrates 9. Membranes and signal transduction 10.Free energy, standard free energy, ATP 11.Glycolysis chemistry, energy, purpose, regulation 12.Gluconeogenesis, PPP, glycogen metabolism chemistry, energy, purpose, regulation 13.Citric acid cycle chemistry, energy, purpose, regulation

24. 14.Electron transport, ATP synthase, P/O ratio 15. purpose of light reactions, dark reactions 16. energetics of FA synthesis and degradation 17. nitrogen processing, catabolism of AA 18. medical applications of nucleotide metabolism 19. nucleic acid structure on atomic level

25. Major Principles Chemical Structure Structure-Function relationship Thermodynamics of reactions Kinetics (catalysis) of reactions Cofactors and high energy bonds Purpose/outcomes of process Regulation of pathway related to purpose

26. Major Enzymes You should be able to figure out what many enzymes do by their names IF you know your basic biochemistry – Substrate structures – Dehydrogenase, carboxylase, kinase, protease, phosphorylase, phosphatase

27. Key Metabolites Know structures; associate with pathway Glucose, glucose-6-P, DHAP, PEP, pyruvate, acetyl CoA, ribulose, UDP-glucose, glycogen, oxaloacetate,  -ketoglutarate Amino acids, nucleotides