1. Cortical dysplasia
소아과 R3 황대환

2. Cortical dysplasia
Disturbed development of cells that normally participate in formation of the cerebral cortex  Disorders of cortical development
known causes : intrauterine infection & ischemia, and chromosomal mutations
Manifestation : epilepsy, development delay, focal neurologic signs

3. Normal cortical development
1) Proliferation
proliferation of neurons in the ventricular zone and glia in the subventricular zone
2) Migration
Migration of postmitotic neurons to the cortical plate
Heading for the deepest layers and then for the superfricial layer
Between the 8th and 24th weeks of gestation
3) Cortical organization :
vertical and horizontal organization of neurons within the cortex and elaboration of axonal and dendritic branch
terminal differentiations, apoptosis, synapse elimination, cortical remodeling

4. Classification of MCD (1)

5. Classification of MCD (2)

6. Focal cortical dysplasia1
Caused by abnormal neuronal and glial proliferation.
Non-familial, non-syndromic, localization-related epilepsy
Clinical manifestations :
Seizures usually begin 2~3 years old, even at birth
Simple partial, complex partial, or secondary generalization
If extensive regions, neurologic impairment such as mental subnormality and hemiparesis
Focal cortical dysplasia account for 25% of intractable partial epilepsy in children
Extra-temporal lobe : frontal, pre- and post- central gyrus
Temporal lobe

7. Focal cortical dysplasia
MRI :
Focal abnormal gyral(cotical) thickening
Blurring of the cortical-white matter junction

8. Focal cortical dysplasia
(A1) T1WI : cortical thickening
(A2) Proton-density-WI : blurring of interface between GM and WM
(A3) T2WI : increased signal change
(A4) FLAIR image : increased signal change

9. Focal cortical dysplasia
Histologic features :
-Disruption of cortical lamination
-Giant neurons, dysplastic "balloon cells" in WM
-Excess of neurons on the WM, causing blurring of the interface
between GM and WM

10. Heterotopia Collections of normal neurons in abnormal locations2
Collections of normal neurons in abnormal locations
Failure of neurons to migrate to the cortical plate
Arrest of radial migration and occurs from the subependymal zone to the cortex
They may occur as single lesions adjacent to the ventricle or in the more superficial white matter
Periventricular nodular heterotopia
Subcortical band heterotopia

11. Periventricular nodular heterotopia (Subependymal nodular heterotopia)
2-1
Neurons generated in a periventricular location have altogether failed to migrate, leading to nests or nodules of neurons abutting the ventricular ependymal lining
Multiple bilateral gray matter nodules in the walls of the lateral ventricles
X-linked (Xq28)
Males much more severely affected
Bilateral lesions (75%)
Seizures starting at any age (often begin in the second decade ) variable degrees of mental impairment (mild in females and severe in males)

12. Periventricular nodular heterotopia
Multiple smooth nodules of cortical gray matter nodules lining the lateral ventricle

13. Periventricular nodular heterotopia
Isointensity of periventricular tissue with normal GM
Nodules of heterotopia abutting the lateral ventricles bilaterally
Nodules of GM within WM (★)

14. Subcortical band heterotopia
2-2
Subcortical band heterotopia
“Diffuse cortical dysplasia” or “ double cortex syndrome”
These bands are commonly just separated from the overlying cortex by a thin shell of WM
These bands are made of neurons that did not complete migration
The cortex overlying the heterotopias is mildy thickened or normal and the temporal lobes are normal (vs. lissencephaly)
DCX on the X chromosome, LIS 1 gene on chromosom17
Infantile spasms, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, or other forms of generalized seizures.

15. Subcortical band heterotopias -MRI
-Thick subcortical GM band are found in subcortical WM

16. LISSENCEPHALY(smooth brain)3
LISSENCEPHALY(smooth brain)
Smooth cortex with minimal sulcation
Migration of all cortical neurons has been severely affected and the brain is smooth
Gyri may be flat and few(pachygyria) or absent(agyria)
The GM-WM interface is smooth
Cortical organization is disrupted, and WM is attenuated
Severe developmental delay, microcephaly, intractable seizures, and premature death.
DCX on the X chromosome, LIS 1 gene on chromosom17
17p13.3(which contains LIS 1) Miller-Dieker syndrome
Xq22

17. Type I Lissencephaly(classic form)
3-1
Histology
a four-layered cortex instead of the normal 6-layered ribbon
( layer 4 is composed of a broad band of disorganized neurons)
a four-layered, abnormally thick cortex, and hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and widespread neuronal heterotopias
Hypotonia in early life and onset of seizures by age 6 months
Infantile spasms and myoclonic and tonic seizures
Mental retardation and spastic quadriplegia
Miller-Dieker Syndrome (MDS) & isolated lissencephaly sequence (ILS)
deletions or mutations of the LIS1 gene on chromosome 17p13.3

18. Type I Lissencephaly- MRI
Thickened cortex,
Diminished white matter,
Vertical sylvian fissures, giving a typical figure 8 appearance to the brain
Smooth cerebral surface,

19. Type II lissencephaly ( Cobblestone lissencephaly )
3-2
Over-migration of neurons and glia through gaps in the glial limiting membrane deep into the leptomeninges, forming neurons admixed with the leptomeninges over the surface of the brain
Cobble stone cortex, abnormal WM, enlarged ventricles, small brain stem, small cerebellum
Associated with congenital muscular dystrophy and eye abnormalities
The Walker-Warburg syndrome, muscle-eye-brain disease, and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy

20. Polymicrogyria 4
Presence of an excess number of abnormally small gyri that produce an irregular cortical surface
The outermost cortical layer(molecular layer) commonly fuses, which lead to an appearance of an overly smooth cortical surface

21. Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria
4-1
Pseudobulbar palsy, spastic quadriparesis, learning disability, epilepsy, and mental retardation
Dysarthria, and an inability to protrude or move their tongue laterally
90% of patients have seizures
(complex partial seizures and drop attacks being most common )
Mutation in MECP2 gene

22. Bilateral sylvian dysplasia-MRI
Thickened cortex bilaterally in the sylvian and perisylvian regions
The GM to WM interface is clear, and in some regions is excessively folded
The Sylvian fissures are widened and abnormally figured
Excess digitations in perisylvian grey matter
The overlying cortex appears smooth

23. Schizencephaly 5
Presence of unilateral or bilateral GM-lined clefts within the cerebral hemispheres, extending from the pial surface to the ependymal lining
Frequently, the borders of the clefts are surrounded by abnormal brain, particularly microgyria

24. Treatment Drugs : usually intractable ( >60~70%) Surgery :
complete resection of the epileptogenic zone is required
Impossible in diffuse of bilateral dysplasia( for patients with drop attack, corpus callosotomy is alternative)

25. CONCLUSION
Malformation of cortical development are increasingly recognized as causes of development delay, cognitive deficits and epilepsy
The current classification of these disorders allows for the proper recognition of distinct clinico-imaging entities
Treatment of the epilepsy associated with cortical dysplasia is often frustrating, but surgical approaches based on accurately defining epileptogenic regions are proving increasingly successful
Genetic diagnosis is important for accurate counseling of families