1. Slide 1 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 A Topical Approach to LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT Chapter Four: Health John W. Santrock

2. Slide 2 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Health, Illness, and Disease Children’s health –Changing patterns of illness are of concern –Two areas of focus: poverty, prevention –Prevention Immunization, efforts to avoid accidents Caregivers’ roles important –Affects motor, cognitive, socioemotional development

3. Slide 3 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Health, Illness, and Disease Children’s health –Poverty 7% of US children receive no health care 11 million US preschool children malnourished Low-income families at highest risk Malnutrition causes poor resistance to disease

4. Slide 4 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Recommended Immunization Schedule of Normal Infants and Children AGEIMMUNIZATION 2 monthsDiphtheria, polio, influenza 4 monthsDiphtheria, polio, influenza 6 monthsDiphtheria, influenza 1 yearTB test 15 monthsMeasles, mumps, Rubella, influenza 18 mos, 4-6 yrsDiphtheria, polio 11-12 yearsMeasles, mumps, Rubella 14-16 yearsTetanus-diphtheria Fig. 4.1

5. Slide 5 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Health, Illness, and Disease Adolescents’ health –Many factors and lifestyle linked to both poor health habits and early death in the adult years begin during adolescence Important models: peers, family, social contexts –Improving adolescent health Reduce risky behaviors Encourage healthy behaviors

6. Slide 6 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Health, Illness, and Disease Emerging and young adults’ health –2x higher mortality rate of adolescents –Fewer chronic health problems –Fewer colds, respiratory problems –Little thought about lifestyle’s links to health Poor lifestyles associated with poor health –Impacts on life satisfaction Negative effects of abusing the body

7. Slide 7 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Health, Illness, and Disease Health and aging –Alzheimer’s disease linked to aging –17% of US adults aged 65 to 74 have a disability –50% of US adults are free of disability until age 85 Chronic disorders –Slow onset, long duration, higher rates for males Arthritis, heart conditions, diabetes, asthma Types vary by gender in middle age

8. Slide 8 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Fig. 4.3 Increasing Disabilities with Age

9. Slide 9 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Health, Illness, and Disease Health and aging –Osteoporosis Extensive bone tissue loss; affects walking 80% of US cases: females, broken bones –White, thin, small-framed women Affects 66% of women over age 60 Healthy diet, exercise, medications reduce risks

10. Slide 10 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Health, Illness, and Disease Health and aging –Dementia Neurological disorder; mental functioning loss 20% of all over age 80 have dementia –Alzheimer disease (form of dementia) Progressive, irreversible, gradual loss to death 2008: about 5.2 million Americans affected Onset varies: age, genes, lifestyle

11. Slide 11 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Health, Illness, and Disease Health and aging –Early detection of Alzheimer disease Abnormal cognitive changes MRI, other brain scans, medication treatments –Caring for Alzheimer patients Professionals and support systems necessary –Care is emotionally draining; depression Respite care: temporary relief

12. Slide 12 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Health, Illness, and Disease Health and aging –Parkinson disease (a type of dementia) Chronic, progressive, muscle tremors Neurotransmitter (dopamine) loss Drug treatments in early stages; loss of effect over time Deep brain stimulation shows promise –Dementia causes unknown; no cures to date

13. Slide 13 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Health, Illness, and Disease Health treatment for older adults –Alternative home, community-based care Nursing homes used less; need increases as person ages –Nursing homes: Quality varies enormously –Problems: failed inspections, minimal standards, over 1/3 have serious deficits, patient rights issues –Best care promotes ‘patient self-control’

14. Slide 14 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Fig. 4.5 Percentage of Older Adults of Different Ages In U.S. Nursing Homes

15. Slide 15 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Health, Illness, and Disease Health treatment for older adults –Rodin and Langer study: Self-control in care linked to longevity, activity level, alertness, happiness, needs satisfaction –Choices: food eaten, movies seen, who enters their rooms, when to see visitors Caring, kind, helpful staff necessary 18-month increase in life span

16. Slide 16 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Perceived Control and Mortality Fig. 4.7

17. Slide 17 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Nutrition and Eating Habits Infancy –Nutrition important for development and growth –Breastfeeding versus bottle feeding: Controversial; breast feeding appears better –Rate has increased in US since 1970 –Benefits: fewer gastro/respiratory infections; reduces risks of asthma, diabetes, SIDS –Lowers risk of ear/skin infections –Benefits mother: lowers risk of diseases

18. Slide 18 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Fig. 4.8 U.S. Breastfeeding Trends

19. Slide 19 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Nutrition and Eating Habits Infancy –When breastfeeding is avoided Physical difficulties Lifestyle conditions HIV virus, taking unsafe drugs –Poor, developing countries Few/no alternatives, unsanitary health risks Death rates linked to bottle-feeding

20. Slide 20 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Nutrition and Eating Habits Malnutrition in infancy –Marasmus — wasting away of body tissues in first year; severe protein-calorie deficiency –Kwashiorkor — deficiency in protein; child’s abdomen and feet swollen with water –Nutritional supplements linked to long-term effects on cognitive development Lowest SES groups benefited most

21. Slide 21 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Nutrition and Eating Habits Childhood nutrition –Poor nutrition is special concern for children of many low-income, less educated families in United States Lower intake of fresh foods, olive oil cooking Higher intake of processed, canned foods –WIC program serves 7.5 million in United States Positive influences on participants Linked to lower risk of being overweight

22. Slide 22 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Nutrition and Eating Habits Eating behavior and parental feeding styles –Diets worsen as children age –Eating behavior strongly affected by caregivers’ behaviors (scheduling, presence of distractions during meal times, restrictive feeding styles) –Good diet can have long-term effects Overweight children –Obesity is a serious problem – measured by BMI

23. Slide 23 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Nutrition and Eating Habits Overweight children –At-risk children dramatically increasing worldwide Childhood obesity linked to adult obesity (girls more at risk) Child obesity unrecognized by most parents –Factors affecting weight: Heredity/genetics Environment: availability of food, exercise, ‘electronic’ entertainment, leisure time

24. Slide 24 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Nutrition and Eating Habits Consequences of obesity –Medical and psychological problems –Lower SES at more risk –Low self-esteem, depression, exclusion by peers Treatment of obesity –Diet, exercise, behavior modification programs –Intervention at home, school: educate about healthy and active lifestyle

25. Slide 25 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Nutrition and Eating Habits Adolescence –Nutrition and being overweight are key problems Eat more junk food; parents affect food choices –Overweight adolescents increasing: 11% to 17% Higher percentage for females Ethnic variations exist: African American girls, Latino boys at highest risk Interventions: clinical approaches, exercise, behavior therapy, calorie restriction

26. Slide 26 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Nutrition and Eating Habits Eating disorders –Anorexia nervosa Relentless to be thin by starvation Serious disorder; can lead to death Affects females 10x more; 1% of those dieting Most are white females from well-educated, middle- and upper-income families –Family values: high standards, competitive Media and American culture fashion image

27. Slide 27 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Nutrition and Eating Habits Eating disorders –Bulimia nervosa Binge-and-purge eating pattern; use of laxatives or self- induced vomiting Preoccupied with food; depressed/anxious, fear of being overweight, low self-esteem Overvalue their body weight and shape 90% are women, onset in late adolescence Binge eating often begins in dieting episode

28. Slide 28 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Nutrition and Eating Habits Adult development and aging –Nutrition and eating behavior are important –Obesity is a problem; 32% of U.S. adults in 2004 Being overweight increases risk of middle age death — 40% higher Worldwide: rates for women increasing faster Environment has dramatic effect — greater access to food/higher fat content

29. Slide 29 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Nutrition and Eating Habits Adult development –Exercising and diet Most effective weight loss/control is exercise –30 minutes a day, healthy meal planning –Daily weighing; keep a food diary Weight loss from diets may pose health risks –Liquid/very low cal diets affect gallbladder –Successful weight loss; less depressed

30. Slide 30 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Nutrition and Eating Habits Adult development –Controversy over vitamins and aging Recent research: –Antioxidants may slow aging –No evidence of extending the life span –Others: vitamins reduce risk of frail/ill life Possible link: vitamins to cognitive performance

31. Slide 31 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Exercise Childhood and adolescence –Childhood All children need daily exercise Electronics, computers, TV deter activity Recent study: preschools vary in physical activity, methods of teaching influence activities Aerobic exercise linked to increased cognitive activity (planning)

32. Slide 32 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Exercise Childhood and adolescence –Adolescence Activity usually decreases in adolescence Recommended: exercise 1 hour per day Boys more active than girls; body image issues Childhood habits continue in adolescence Rates vary by gender: white boys exercise most, African American girls exercise least Develop ways to encourage exercise

33. Slide 33 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Exercise Adulthood –Moderate/intense exercise may have physical and psychological gains Prevention of heart disease, live longer Aerobic exercise: sustained activity that stimulates heart/lung functioning Burn 2,000 calories a week to cut heart attack risk by two-thirds Exercise aids mental and physical health

34. Slide 34 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Exercise Ways to exercise more –Reduce TV time –Chart your progress –Get rid of excuses –Eliminate “I don’t have time” by making exercise a priority –Imagine the alternative –Learn more about exercise

35. Slide 35 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Exercise Aging and exercise –Linked to increased longevity –Related to prevention of common chronic diseases –Improves older adults’ cellular functioning –Associated with improvement in disease treatments –Reduce decline of motor skills during aging –Effective in treatment/reduce risk of mental health problems –Linked to improved cognitive/brain functioning

36. Slide 36 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Fig. 4.17 Physical Fitness and Mortality

37. Slide 37 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Substance Use Adolescence and emerging adulthood –Healthy lifestyle: exercise, avoid substance use –Cigarette use — onset in childhood/adolescence –Many alcoholics — onset in high school/college –The earlier the use; the more long-term harm –Trend studies: University of Michigan research Annually: 50,000 students, 400 schools Eighth, tenth, and twelfth graders surveyed

38. Slide 38 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Substance Use Adolescence and emerging adulthood –Trend studies: University of Michigan research United States — still one of highest use rates worldwide Declines in alcohol use –8 th graders: 26% (1996) to 16% (2007) –10 th graders: 39% (2001) to 33% (2007) –12 th graders: 72% (1980) to 44% (2007) Binge drinking: 5 or more drinks in 2 weeks

39. Slide 39 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 39 Binge Drinking in the Adolescence — Early Adulthood Transition Fig. 4.20

40. Slide 40 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 40 Age and Binge Drinking Fig. 4.21

41. Slide 41 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 41 Substance Use Adolescence –Cigarette smoking – decline since 1996/1997 2007 percentage of surveyed still smoking –8 th graders: 7%, 10 th graders: 14%,12 th graders: 22% Risk factors: –Having friends who smokes –Weak academic orientation –Low parental support

42. Slide 42 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 42 Substance Use Adolescence –Alarming recent trend: prescription painkiller use Vicodin, Oxycontin – narcotics, highly addictive Adolescents access home medicine cabinet –Parents, peers, social support have role in preventing substance use Family mealtimes together Nonuse by friends in school social network Educational success is good buffer

43. Slide 43 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 43 Substance Use Emerging adulthood –Critical transition from adolescence to college Alcohol use is common among many Binge drinking problems at colleges –Dramatic increase among females –Linked to unprotected sex practices –Alcohol/drug use declines in mid-20s

44. Slide 44 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 44 Substance Use Older adults –Majority over 65 abstain from alcohol use –Substance use — “invisible epidemic” among elderly Undetected: illicit and prescription drugs Consequences of abuse: –Depression, psychological conditions –Inadequate nutrition, frequent falls –Congestive heart failure

45. Slide 45 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 45 Substance Use Older adults –Moderate use of red wine linked to longevity, better physical and mental health More open socially, self-mastery Lowers stress, lower heart disease risk

46. Slide 46 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 46 The End