1. PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West Alabama 2 © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning All rights reserved.

2. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–2 Identify the advantages of integrating human resources planning and strategic planning. Understand how an organization’s competitive environment influences its strategic planning. Understand why it is important for an organization to do an internal resource analysis. Describe the basic tools used for human resources forecasting. Explain the linkages between competitive strategies and HR. Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to

3. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–3 Understand what is required for a firm to successfully implement a strategy. Recognize the methods for assessing and measuring the effectiveness of a firm’s strategy. Chapter Objectives (cont’d) After studying this chapter, you should be able to

4. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–4 Strategic Planning and Human Resources Strategic PlanningStrategic Planning  Procedures for making decisions about the organization’s long-term goals and strategies Human Resources Planning (HRP)Human Resources Planning (HRP)  Process of anticipating and making provision for the movement (flow) of people into, within, and out of an organization.

5. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–5 Strategic Planning and HR Planning Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM)Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM)  The pattern of human resources deployments and activities that enable an organization to achieve its strategic goals  Strategy formulation—providing input as to what is possible given the types and numbers of people available.  Strategy implementation—making primary resource allocation decisions about structure, processes, and human resources.

6. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–6 Linking Strategic Planning and HRP Strategic AnalysisStrategic Analysis  What human resources are needed and what are available? Strategic FormulationStrategic Formulation  What is required and necessary in support of human resources? Strategic ImplementationStrategic Implementation  How will the human resources be allocated? Human Resources Planning Strategic Planning

7. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–7 FIGURE 2.1 Linking Strategic Planning and Human Resources

8. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–8 Step One: Mission, Vision, and Values MissionMission  The basic purpose of the organization as well as its scope of operations Strategic VisionStrategic Vision  A statement about where the company is going and what it can become in the future; clarifies the long- term direction of the company and its strategic intent Core ValuesCore Values  The strong and enduring beliefs and principles that the company uses as a foundation for its decisions

9. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–9 Step Two: Environmental Scanning Environmental ScanningEnvironmental Scanning  The systematic monitoring of the major external forces influencing the organization. 1.Economic factors: general, regional, and global conditions 2.Industry and competitive trends: new processes, services, and innovations 3.Technological changes: robotics and office automation 4.Government and legislative issues: laws and administrative rulings 5.Social concerns: child care and educational priorities 6.Demographic and labor market trends: age, composition, literacy, and immigration

10. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–10 FIGURE 2.2 Five Forces Framework

11. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–11 Step Three: Internal Analysis Culture Composition Capabilities Internal Analysis

12. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–12 Culture: Auditing Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes Cultural AuditsCultural Audits  Audits of the culture and quality of work life in an organization.  How do employees spend their time?  How do they interact with each other?  Are employees empowered?  What is the predominant leadership style of managers?  How do employees advance within the organization?

13. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–13 Capabilities: People as a Strategic Resource Core CapabilitiesCore Capabilities  Integrated knowledge sets within an organization that distinguish it from its competitors and deliver value to customers. Sustained competitive advantage through people is achieved if these human resources:Sustained competitive advantage through people is achieved if these human resources: 1. Are valuable. 2. Are rare and unavailable to competitors. 3. Are difficult to imitate. 4. Are organized for teamwork and cooperation.

14. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–14 Composition: The Human Capital Architecture Strategic Knowledge WorkersStrategic Knowledge Workers  Employees who have unique skills that are directly linked to the company’s strategy.  Example: R&D scientists Core EmployeesCore Employees  Employees with skills to perform a predefined job that are quite valuable to a company, but not particularly unique or difficult to replace.  Example: salespeople

15. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–15 Composition: The Human Capital Architecture (cont’d) Supporting LaborSupporting Labor  Employees whose skills are of less strategic value and generally available in the labor market.  Example: clerical workers Alliance PartnersAlliance Partners  Individuals and groups with unique skills, but those skills are not directly related to a company’s core strategy.  Example: consultants

16. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–16 FIGURE 2.3 Mapping Human Capital

17. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–17 Forecasting: A Critical Element of Planning Forecasting involves:Forecasting involves: a. forecasting the demand for labor b. forecasting the supply of labor c. balancing supply and demand considerations.

18. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–18 FIGURE 2.4 Model of HR Forecasting

19. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–19 Forecasting Demand for Employees Quantitative Methods Qualitative Methods Forecasting Demand

20. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–20 Quantitative Approach: Trend Analysis Forecasting labor demand based on an organizational index such as sales:Forecasting labor demand based on an organizational index such as sales: 1. Select a business factor that best predicts human resources needs. 2. Plot the business factor in relation to the number of employees to determine the labor productivity ratio. 3. Compute the productivity ratio for the past five years. 4. Calculate human resources demand by multiplying the business factor by the productivity ratio. 5. Project human resources demand out to the target year(s).

21. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–21 FIGURE 2.5 Example of Trend Analysis of HR Demand

22. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–22 Qualitative Approaches Management ForecastsManagement Forecasts  The opinions (judgments) of supervisors, department managers, experts, or others knowledgeable about the organization’s future employment needs. Delphi TechniqueDelphi Technique  An attempt to decrease the subjectivity of forecasts by soliciting and summarizing the judgments of a preselected group of individuals.  The final forecast represents a composite group judgment.

23. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–23 1 HR Planning and Strategy Questions to Ask Business Managers What are your mission, vision, and values? What are your current pressing business issues? What are our organizational strengths? Who are our competitors’ organizational strengths? How do we compare? What core capabilities do we need to win in our markets? What are the required knowledge, skills, and abilities we need to execute the winning strategy? What are the barriers to optimally achieving the strategy? What types of skills and positions will be required or no longer required? Which skills should we have internally versus contract with outside providers? What actions need to be taken to align our resources with strategy priorities? What recognition and rewards are needed to attract, motivate, and retain the employees we need? How will we know if we are effectively executing our workforce plan and staying on track? Workforce planning requires that HR leaders periodically interview their managers to gauge future workforce needs. Here are some sample questions to ask.

24. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–24 Forecasting the Supply of Employees: Internal Labor Supply Staffing TablesStaffing Tables Markov AnalysisMarkov Analysis Skill InventoriesSkill Inventories Replacement ChartsReplacement Charts Succession PlanningSuccession Planning

25. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–25 Forecasting Internal Labor Supply Staffing TablesStaffing Tables  Graphic representations of all organizational jobs, along with the numbers of employees currently occupying those jobs and future (monthly or yearly) employment requirements. Markov AnalysisMarkov Analysis  A method for tracking the pattern of employee movements through various jobs.

26. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–26 FIGURE 2.6 Hypothetical Markov Analysis for a Retail Company

27. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–27 Internal Demand Forecasting Tools Skill InventoriesSkill Inventories  Files of personnel education, experience, interests, skills, etc., that allow managers to quickly match job openings with employee backgrounds. Replacement ChartsReplacement Charts  Listings of current jobholders and persons who are potential replacements if an opening occurs. Succession PlanningSuccession Planning  The process of identifying, developing, and tracking key individuals for executive positions.

28. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–28 FIGURE 2.7 An Executive Replacement Chart

29. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–29 2 Succession-Planning Checklist RATE THE SUCCESS OF YOUR SUCCESSION PLANNING For each characteristic of a best-practice succession- planning and management program appearing in the left column below, enter a number to the right to indicate how well you believe your organization manages that characteristic. Ask other decision makers in your organization to complete this form individually, compile the scores, and compare notes.

30. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–30 FIGURE 2.8 Assessing a Firm’s Human Capital

31. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–31 Step Four: Formulating Strategy Strategy FormulationStrategy Formulation  Moving from simple analysis to devising a coherent course of action. SWOT analysisSWOT analysis  A comparison of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for strategy formulation purposes.  Use the strengths of the organization to capitalize on opportunities, counteract threats, and alleviate internal weaknesses.

32. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–32 FIGURE 2.9 An Example of a SWOT Analysis Valero Energy Corporation (Valero) is one of the largest refiners in North America. Its core activities include refining and marketing of petroleum products. With a combined throughput capacity of approximately 3.3 million bpd, Valero is the 15th largest company on the Fortune 500 list. Valero’s large refining capacity gives it a significant competitive advantage. However, rising material and labor costs could affect the company’s margins. StrengthsWeaknesses Large refining system Leader in conversion capacity and feedstock flexibility Strong revenue growth and capital expenditure Weak performance in Canada Litigations High dependence on the United States OpportunitiesThreats Growing diesel demand Strategic refocus Rising petrochemical capacity in the Middle East Material and labor cost Stringent regulations

33. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–33 Corporate Strategy Strategic Alliances and Joint Ventures Growth and Diversification Mergers and Acquisitions Corporate Strategy

34. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–34 Business Strategy Value CreationValue Creation  What the firm adds to a product or service by virtue of making it; the amount of benefits provided by the product or service once the costs of making it are subtracted (value = benefits — costs).  Low-cost strategy: competing on productivity and efficiency  Keeping costs low to offer an attractive price to customers (relative to competitors).  Differentiation strategy: compete on added value  Involves providing something unique and distinctive to customers that they value.

35. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–35 3 Key HR Activities Associated with Merger or Acquisition Phases

36. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–36 3 Key HR Activities Associated with Merger or Acquisition Phases (cont’d)

37. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–37 Business Strategy (cont’d) Functional Strategy: Ensuring AlignmentFunctional Strategy: Ensuring Alignment  External Fit/Alignment  Focuses on the connection between the business objectives and the major initiatives in HR.  Internal Fit/Alignment  Aligning HR practices with one another to establish a configuration that is mutually reinforcing.

38. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–38 Step Five: Strategy Implementation Taking Action: Reconciling Supply and DemandTaking Action: Reconciling Supply and Demand  Balancing demand and supply considerations  Forecasting business activities (trends)  Locating applicants  Organizational downsizing, outsourcing, offshoring  Reducing “headcount”  Making layoff decisions  Seniority or performance?  Labor agreements

39. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–39 FIGURE 2.10 The 7-S Model

40. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–40 Step Six: Evaluation and Assessment Evaluation and Assessment IssuesEvaluation and Assessment Issues  Benchmarking: The process of comparing the organization’s processes and practices with those of other companies  Human capital metrics  Assess aspects of the workforce  HR metrics  Assess the performance of the HR function itself

41. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–41 4 Ten Measures of Human Capital 1.Your most important issues 2.Human capital value added 3.Human capital ROI 4.Separation cost 5.Voluntary separation rate 6.Total labor-cost/revenue percentage 7.Total compensation/revenue percentage 8.Training investment factor 9.Time to start 10.Revenue factor

42. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–42 Measuring a Firm’s Strategic Alignment Strategy Mapping and the Balanced ScorecardStrategy Mapping and the Balanced Scorecard  Balanced Scorecard (BSC)  A measurement framework that helps managers translate strategic goals into operational objectives –financial –customer –processes –learning

43. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–43 FIGURE 2.11 Building the Metrics Model

44. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–44 FIGURE 2.12 Assessing Internal Fit 5 = Strongly supports the priority, 0= Neutral, –5 = Strongly counterproductive

45. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–45 Ensuring Strategic Flexibility for the Future Organizational CapabilityOrganizational Capability  Capacity of the organization to act and change in pursuit of sustainable competitive advantage.  Coordination flexibility  The ability to rapidly reallocate resources to new or changing needs.  Resource flexibility  Having human resources who can do many different things in different ways.

46. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–46 Balanced Scorecard (BSC) benchmarking core capabilities core values cultural audits environmental scanning human capital readiness human resources planning (HRP) management forecasts Markov analysis mission organizational capability replacement charts skill inventories staffing tables strategic human resources management (SHRM) strategic planning strategic vision succession planning SWOT analysis trend analysis value creation

47. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–47

48. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–48 Employee Turnover Rates Computing Turnover Rates:Computing Turnover Rates:  The U.S. Department of Labor suggests the following formula for computing turnover rates:  Thus, if there were 25 separations during a month and the total number of employees at mid month was 500, the turnover rate would be:

49. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–49 Employee Turnover Rates (cont’d) Computing Turnover Rates (cont’d):Computing Turnover Rates (cont’d):  Another method of computing the turnover rate is one that reflects only the avoidable separations (S). This rate is computed by subtracting unavoidable separations (US) from all separations. The formula for this method is as follows:  where M represents the total number of employees at mid month. For example, if there were 25 separations during a month, 5 of which were US, and the total number of employees at mid month (M) was 500, the turnover rate would be:

50. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–50 Employee Absenteeism Rates Computing Absenteeism RatesComputing Absenteeism Rates

51. © 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.2–51 5 Costs Associated with the Turnover of One Computer Programmer (Turnover costs = Separation costs + Replacement costs + Training costs) Separation costs 1.Exit interview cost for salary and benefits of both interviewer and departing employee during the exit interview = $30+$30 = $60 2.Administrative and record-keeping action = $30 Total separation costs = $60 + $30 = $90 Replacement costs 1.Advertising for job opening = $2,500 2.Preemployment administrative functions and record-keeping action = $100 3.Selection interview = $250 4.Employment tests = $40 5.Meetings to discuss candidates (salary and benefits of managers while participating in meetings)= $250 Total replacement costs = $2,500 + $100 + $250 + $40 + $250 = $3,140 Training costs 1.Booklets, manuals, and reports = $50 2.Education = $240/day for new employee’s salary and benefits x 10 days of workshops, seminars, or courses = $2,400 3.One-to-one coaching = ($240/day/new employee + $240/day/staff coach or job expert) x 20 days of one-to- one coaching = $9,600 4.Salary and benefits of new employee until he or she gets “up to par” = $240/day for salary and benefits x 20 days = $4,800 Training costs = $50 + $2,400 + $9,600 + $4,800 = $16,850 Total turnover costs= $90 + $3,140 + $16,850 = $20,080