1. Doors, Windows, and Glass

2. Major Topics
Doors
Windows
Hardware
Glass
Curtain Wall

3. Doors Broad classification as exterior or interior
Wood, metal, plastic, glass, or a combination of these materials are used to manufacture doors
Considerations for selection of door include:
Fire resistance
Cost
Protection/Privacy
Aesthetics/Architectural Style

4. Terms Associated with Doors
Door Frames:
Jamb –sides pieces
Head – overhead piece
Sill – on exterior doors (covered by threshold)
Door Stop- strip against which door closes
Panel Doors:
Stiles – vertical members
Rails – horizontal members
Muntins – may be vertical or horizontal; divide door into panels
See figures on page 573 for examples
Right-Hand or Left-Hand – used to describe swinging doors- depends on which side is hinged

5. Types of Fire Doors
Composite – wood, steel, or plastic sheets bonded to and supported by a solid core material
Hollow Metal – flush or panel design consisting with no less than 20 gauge steel face
Metal Clad – flush or panel design consisting of metal-covered wood cores and insulated panels covered with steel of 24 gauge or lighter
Sheet Metal – 22 gauge or lighter steel of corrugated, flush sheet, or panel design
Tin-Clad – wood core with a terne plate or galvanized steel facing ( 30 or 24 gauge)
Wood – wood, hardboard, or plastic face sheets bonded to a wood block core material with untreated wood edges

6. Metal Doors See page 566-67 for examples
Most hollow core metal doors are made of carbon steel
Most are filled with standard fireproof, rot proof, and sound-deadening material
Insulated doors are filled with glass fiber or plastic foam insulation [R-values range from 8-15]
Grades range from 1: standard; 2: heavy duty; 3: extra heavy duty [grades used depends on type of building and locations in building]

7. Wood Doors Kiln-dried wood, moisture content 6-12 %
Type 1 ---fully waterproof bond (ext. or int.)
Type water resistant bond, interior only
May be solid or hollow core (S.C. or H.C.)
Fire ratings range from 20 minutes to 1-1/2 hour for S.C. wood doors
Typical thickness: 1-3/8” (int.) 1-3/8” or 1-3/4” (ext.)
Standard single unit sizes range from 1’ to 3’ width; 6’-8” to 8’ height [doesn’t include sliding or patio door styles which are much wider]

8. Types of Wood Doors See figures on pages 571-574
Flush – hollow or solid core with wood veneers, hardboard or plastic laminates
Panel – assembled from stiles and rails
Sash – similar to panel door except that one or more panel is replaced with glass
Louver – composed of stile and rail frame with integral louvers
Accordion folding – narrow wood strips 31/2” to 5” wide with fabric, plastic or metal hinges

9. Door Operation
Swinging – hinged on one side or may have pivot hardware to allow for swinging in both directions
Sliding – overhead tracks with rollers (Pocket doors - slide into wall cavity)
Folding – hung on overhead tracks with rollers; may be bi- or multi- fold in nature

10. Weather Stripping Applied to door frames to prevent air leakage
Common types include:
Foam rubber
Felt
Rolled vinyl
Spring metal (V-strip)
Interlocking metal

11. Door Hardware -- Locks
May be either standard, handicapped access, automatic, or security type.
Lock types:
Key-in-knob
Key-in-lever
Mortise
Interconnected
Auxiliary (dead bolts)
Security (electromagnetic)
Padlock

12. Door Hardware --Hinges
There are many types of hinges available but common ones include: butt, piano (invisible), offset, spring, pivot, and decorative.
Materials from which hinges are made include: coated steel, polished plated steel, chromium-plated metals, brass, bronze, and aluminum.
Placement and number required varies according to door material and size:
All exterior or S.C. interior door >7’ in height should be hung with at least 3 hinges.
Interior H.C. doors < 7’ in height need only 2 hinges

13. Special Doors
Revolving – prevent passage of cold and warm air and noise while always being open/closed
Typical materials include stainless steel, aluminum, and copper alloys.
Most doors are feet in diameter, but may be larger for special applications (Nursing homes)

14. Windows
Related terms include: rail, stile, sill, sash, panes or lights (glass), muntin (divides the lights), mullion
Common materials include: aluminum, steel (including stainless), wood, or clad materials [Styrofoam core with wood cladding]
Wide range of sizes from 2’ to 10’ – not including custom orders

15. Window Types See pgs. 596-98, 602-03 Fixed Single or Double Hung
Awning
Sliding
Casement
Pivoted
Jalousie

17. Window Hardware – Locks [see pages 605-06]
Some basic types of locking devices for windows include:
Friction type – includes a pin which screws into a receptacle
Pin type – a keyed device; bolt slips into a hole drilled into the upper frame
Wedge type – spreads upper and lower sash apart
Stop type – uses a knob or other protrusion to prevent window from opening very far
Key operated cam latch – may be a fire hazard; works similar to a pin type

18. Glass
The term glazing refers to the installation of vision panels or glass or plastic in a door, formed frame, window, packaged entrance, storefront, or glazed curtain wall.
Glass has been made artificially for more than 4500 years
Romans – 1st known window glass
Germany – 11th century glass hand-blown in spheres
France – 14th century “Crown glass” produced by blowing and twirling

19. 3 Methods of the Drawing Process [See pages 620-21]
Fourcault – 1st process developed; the simplest; 40 feet vertical drawing
Colburn - similar to Fourcault but only drawn vertically about 3 feet then bent over horizontal rollers; glass was less brittle and easier to cut
Pittsburgh – similar to other 2 processes, main improvement was glass not contacted by center rollers until it was hard enough to resist roller damage

20. Glass Glass is produced from 3 major ingredients:
Sand (silica) ~72%
Soda (sodium oxide) ~15%
Lime (calcium oxide) ~9%
About 50 other chemicals may be added to change the following properties ~4% :
Color
Viscosity
Durability
Desired physical property

21. Properties of Glass
Mechanical – it is fatigue resistant --if pressure is applied causing it to bend or stretch, it will return to its original shape after removed
Optical – excels in this area because of its transparency
Thermal –
heat gain or loss through glass is great
thermal expansion also very high in glass – may produce stresses which can cause breakage
Chemical – great resistance to corrosion; non-porous and non-absorptive
Electrical – is a good electrical insulator; used in making a number of electrical products

22. Basic Types of Clear Glass
Window or Sheet:
Manufactured by a horizontal flat or vertical draw process
Float:
Manufactured by floating molten glass on a surface of molten tin, then annealing slowly to produce a transparent flat glass. This eliminates grinding and polishing (most glass in US produced using this method ~ 98%)
Plate:
Transparent flat glass is ground and polished after rolling.

23. Variations of Basic Glass Types
Patterned – rolled or figured glass –run through rollers which are etched to produce a design on one side
Wire – embedded welded square or diamond wire
Cathedral – art glass, stained glass; usually 1/8” thick, in many colors, textures, and patterns
Obscure – one or both surfaces of glass are sandblasted or acid etched (weakens glass)
Heat-absorbing or Tinted
Insulating – high thermal resistance; fuse 2 pieces of glass together with ¾” space filled with a dry gas (often Argon)

24. Variations con’t Reflective – care must be taken to avoid scratching
Heat-Strengthened– greatly increased mechanical strength and resistance to thermal stresses; 2 times as strong as annealed glass
Tempered – 4-5 times as strong as annealed; when broken…forms small cubed fragments which are much safer than annealed glass
Laminated (Safety) – tough, clear plastic polyvinyl butyral sheet (interlayer) is sandwiched between plies of other glass. When it breaks the particles adhere to the plastic film
Security – a plastic film of a min. of 0.06 in. thick in 3 to 5 plies of glass (overall thickness ¾” to 3”)

25. Curtain Wall
A building wall that does not carry any roof or floor load
Typically located above the first level of a structure (unlike storefront)
Consists mainly of metal, glass, and other surfacing material supported in a metal framework

26. References
Construction Materials and Processes, 3rd Edition. Watson, Don A.. McGraw-Hill, Imprint ISBN:
Construction Principles, Materials, and Methods, Seventh Edition. H. Leslie Simmons, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001.
Olin’s Construction Principles, Materials, and Methods, Eighth Edition. H. Leslie Simmons, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2007.
Architectural Materials for Construction, Rosen, Harold J. and Heineman, Tom. McGraw-Hill, ISBN:
Basic Construction Materials, 6th Edition. Marotta, Theodore W. Prentice Hall, ISBN: X
Building Construction: Materials and Types of Construction, 6th Edition, Ellison, Donald C., Huntington, W.C., Mickadeit, Robert E.. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN:
Architectural Graphic Standards: Student Edition, Abridgment of 9th Edition. The American Institute of Architects. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: