1. T U T O R I A L  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 9 Car Payment Calculator Application Introducing the Do While...Loop and Do Until...Loop Repetition Statements

2.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Outline 9.1 Test-Driving the Car Payment Calculator Application 9.2 Do While...Loop Repetition Statement 9.3 Do Until...Loop Repetition Statement 9.4 Constructing the Car Payment Calculator Application

3.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 In this tutorial you will learn: ■Use the Do While...Loop and Do Until...Loop repetition statements to execute statements in an application repeatedly. ■Use counter-controlled repetition. ■Display information in ListBox es. ■Concatenate strings. Objectives

4. Application Requirements  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 9.1 Test-Driving the Car Payment Calculator Application Typically, banks offer car loans for periods ranging from two to five years. Borrowers repay the loans in monthly installments. The amount of each monthly payment is based on the length of the loan, the amount borrowed and the interest rate. Create an application that allows the customer to enter the price of a car, the down-payment amount and the annual interest rate of the loan. The application should display the loan’s duration in months and the monthly payments for two-, three-, four- and five-year loans. The variety of options allows the user to easily compare repayment plans and choose the most appropriate.

5.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Figure 9.1 | Car Payment Calculator application before data has been entered. Test-Driving the Car Payment Calculator Application ListBox control ■Note the new GUI control—the ListBox control, which allows users to view and/or select from multiple items in a list (Fig. 9.1).

6.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Figure 9.2 | Car Payment Calculator application after data has been entered. Test-Driving the Car Payment Calculator Application (Cont.) ■Enter data to test the application (Fig. 9.2).

7.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Figure 9.3 | Car Payment Calculator application displaying calculation results. Test-Driving the Car Payment Calculator Application (Cont.) ■Click the Calculate Button. ■The application displays the monthly payment amounts in the ListBox (Fig. 9.3) in a tabular format. Results displayed in tabular format

8.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 ■A repetition statement can repeat actions, depending on the value of a condition. ■If you go to the grocery store with a list of items to purchase, you go through the list until you have each item: Do while there are more items on my shopping list Put next item in cart Cross it off my list 9.2 Do While... Loop Repetition Statement

9.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 ■Using a Do While... Loop statement, this code finds the first power of 3 greater than 50. Dim product As Integer = 3 DoWhile product <= 50 product *= 3 Loop ■The condition in the Do While... Loop statement, product <= 50, is referred to as the loop-continuation condition. ■When the loop-continuation condition becomes false, the Do While... Loop statement finishes executing. 9.2 Do While... Loop Repetition Statement (Cont.)

10.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Good Programming Error Provide in the body of every Do While...Loop statement an action that eventually causes the condition to become false. If you do not, the repetition statement never terminates, causing an error called an infinite loop. Such an error causes the application to “hang up.” When an infinite loop occurs in your application, return to the IDE and select Debug > Stop Debugging.

11.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Figure 9.4 | Do While...Loop repetition statement UML activity diagram. ■The UML activity diagram in Fig. 9.4 illustrates the flow of control in the preceding Do While... Loop repetition statement. 9.2 Do While... Loop Repetition Statement (Cont.)

12.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 ■The transition arrow emerging from the action state points back to the merge, creating a loop. ■The UML’s diamond-shaped merge symbol joins two flows of activity into one. 9.2 Do While... Loop Repetition Statement (Cont.)

13.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 ■These statements describe the repetitive actions that occur during a shopping trip: Do until there are no more items on my shopping list Put next item in cart Cross it off my list ■Statements in the body of a Do Until... Loop are executed repeatedly for as long as the loop- termination condition remains False. –This is known as a loop-termination condition. 9.3 Do Until... Loop Repetition Statement

14.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 ■Using a Do Until... Loop, this code finds the first power of 3 larger than 50 : Dim product As Integer = 3 Do Until product > 50 product *= 3 Loop 9.3 Do Until... Loop Repetition Statement (Cont.)

15.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Good Programming Error Failure to provide the body of a Do Until...Loop statement with an action that eventually causes the condition in the Do Until...Loop to become true creates an infinite loop.

16.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Figure 9.5 | Do Until... Loop repetition statement UML activity diagram. ■The UML activity diagram in Fig. 9.5 illustrates the flow of control for the Do Until... Loop repetition statement. 9.3 Do Until... Loop Repetition Statement (Cont.)

17.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 When the user clicks the Calculate Button Initialize loan length to two years Clear the ListBox of any previous calculation results Add a header to the ListBox Get down payment from a TextBox Get sticker price from a TextBox Get annual interest rate from a TextBox Calculate loan amount (sticker price – down payment) Calculate monthly interest rate (annual interest rate / 12) 9.4 Constructing the Car Payment Calculator Application

18.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Do while loan length is less than or equal to five years Convert the loan length in years to number of months Calculate monthly payment based on loan amount, monthly interest rate and loan length in months Insert result into ListBox Increment loan length in years by one year 9.4 Constructing the Car Payment Calculator Application (Cont.)

19.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Action/Control/Event (ACE) Table for the Car Payment Calculator Figure 9.6 | Car Payment Calculator application ACE table. Part (1 of 2.) ■Use an ACE table to convert pseudocode into Visual Basic (Fig. 9.6).

20.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Action/Control/Event (ACE) Table for the Car Payment Calculator (Cont.) Figure 9.6 | Car Payment Calculator application ACE table. Part (2 of 2.)

21.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Figure 9.7 | ListBox added to Car Payment Calculator application’s Form. Adding a ListBox to the Car Payment Calculato r Application ■Add a ListBox control from the Toolbox. ■Change the ListBox ’s Name property to paymentsListBox. Set the Location property to 24, 166 and the Size property to 230, 94 (Fig. 9.7).

22.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Good Programming Practice Append the ListBox suffix to all ListBox control names.

23.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 GUI Design Tip A ListBox should be large enough to display all of its contents or large enough that scrollbars can be used easily.

24.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Figure 9.8 | Clearing the contents of a ListBox. Using Code to Change a ListBox ’s Contents ■Double click the Calculate Button to generate the empty event handler (Fig. 9.8). ■Content can be added and deleted from the ListBox by using its Items property. –The Items property returns an object that contains a list of items displayed in the ListBox.

25.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Figure 9.9 | Adding a header to a ListBox. ■The ListBox displays the number of monthly payments and the amount per payment. ■To clarify what information is being displayed, a line of text—called a header—is added to the ListBox by the Method Add (lines 10–11 of Fig. 9.9) Using Code to Change a ListBox ’s Contents (Cont.)

26.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 GUI Design Tip Use headers in a ListBox when you are displaying tabular data. Adding headers improves readability by describing the information that is displayed in the ListBox.

27.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 ■The ampersand symbol ( & ) is called the string- concatenation operator. This operator combines its two operands into one string value (used to join text). ■The constant ControlChars.Tab inserts a tab character into the string. Using Code to Change a ListBox ’s Contents (Cont.)

28.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Figure 9.10 | Variables for the Car Payment Calculator application. ■The calculation requires the length in months, but the loop-continuation condition uses the number of years (Fig. 9.10). Declaring Variables and Retrieving User Input Variables to store the length of the loan Variables to store user input Variables to store calculation results

29.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Figure 9.11 | Retrieving input in the Car Payment Calculator application. ■Note that line 26 (Fig. 9.11) divides the interest rate by 100 to obtain the decimal equivalent –For example, 5% becomes.05 Declaring Variables and Retrieving User Input (Cont.)

30.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Figure 9.12 | Determining amount borrowed and monthly interest rate. ■The application computes the amount of the loan by subtracting the down payment from the price. ■These calculations need to occur only once, so they are placed before the Do While... Loop statement (Fig. 9.12). Declaring Variables and Retrieving User Input (Cont.)

31.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Figure 9.13 | Loop-continuation condition. ■After you type line 33 and press Enter, the IDE will close the repetition statement by adding the keyword Loop in line 35 (Fig. 9.13). Calculating the Monthly Payment Amounts with a Do While... Loop Repetition Statement

32.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 ■This loop is an example of counter-controlled repetition. –This uses a counter ( years ) to control the number of times that a set of statements executes. –Counter-controlled repetition also is called definite repetition, because the number of repetitions is known before the repetition statement begins. Calculating the Monthly Payment Amounts with a Do While... Loop Repetition Statement (Cont.)

33.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Figure 9.14 | Converting the loan duration from years to months. ■The number of months changes with each iteration of this loop, and the calculation result changes based on the length of the payment period (Fig. 9.14). Calculating the Monthly Payment Amounts with a Do While... Loop Repetition Statement (Cont.)

34.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 ■The Pmt function returns a Double value that specifies the monthly payment amount on a loan for a constant interest rate and a given time period (Fig. 9.15). ■Borrowed amounts are represented by negative values. Calculating the Monthly Payment Amounts with a Do While... Loop Repetition Statement (Cont.) Figure 9.15 | Pmt function returns monthly payment.

35.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Figure 9.16 | Displaying the number of months and the amount of each monthly payment. ■The number of monthly payments and the monthly payment amounts are displayed beneath the header in the ListBox. ■ String.Format is used to display monthlyPayment in currency format (Fig. 9.16). Calculating the Monthly Payment Amounts with a Do While... Loop Repetition Statement (Cont.)

36.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Figure 9.17 | Incrementing the counter. ■The counter variable years is incremented in each iteration until it equals 6 (Fig. 9.17). ■Then the loop-continuation condition ( years <= 5 ) evaluates to False and the repetition ends. Calculating the Monthly Payment Amounts with a Do While... Loop Repetition Statement (Cont.)

37.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 ■Figure 9.18 presents the source code for the application. Outline (1 of 3 ) Clear the ListBox

38.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Outline (2 of 3 ) Add a header to the ListBox

39.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 39 Outline (3 of 3 ) Do While...Loop repeats its body while years is less than or equal to 5 Calculate term in months Calculate monthly payment amount Display number of months and monthly payment amount Increment counter years so the loop-continuation condition eventually becomes false