1. Virtualization Technology Prof D M Dhamdhere CSE Department IIT Bombay Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

2. Some Benefits of Virtualization Server consolidation –Also called workload consolidation Better security and reliability for applications using same host Testing of software concurrently with production use of a host Disaster management Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

3. What is Virtualization? Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay To understand virtualization, let us begin with a virtual resource

4. Virtual Resources Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay Definition –Illusion of a resource, supported by an OS through use of a real resource Motivation –To have more number of resources available –To have more of a resource available, e.g., virtual memory Historical – The concept originated in 1960s!

5. Virtual Resources A virtual resource is an abstraction The OS implements the abstraction through use of real resources The implementation can be changed without affecting the application using the virtual resource An application can be migrated to any host offering the same abstraction—portability Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

6. Virtual Resources Use of virtual resources started with I/O devices –Motivation: Have more I/O devices available –Each user could have own I/O device Then came virtual memory –Motivation: Have larger memory And then.. Virtual machines –Motivation? Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

7. Virtual Machines Motivation: Provide a machine to each user so that a user could use an OS of own choice Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

8. Virtual Machines A virtual machine could be used in other contexts as well … –Motivation? Since it is an abstraction, it can be made to have desirable properties, e.g., simplicity –Some programming languages have their own virtual machines, e.g., Pascal, Java If implemented on several hosts, it provides portability Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

9. What is Virtualization? Definition: Virtualization is the process of mapping the resources and interfaces of a virtual resource into the resources and interfaces of a host machine. Issues in virtualization Complexity Correctness—includes reliability, security … Performance! (overhead of the mapping) Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

10. Overview of Virtualization Virtual device virtualization –Map an operation on a virtual resource into an operation of a real resource, e.g. virtual disks Could be achieved through minimal overhead OS may map several virtual devices into same real device Virtual memory virtualization –Virtual memory manager maps parts of the virtual memory into real memory Overhead: loading and removal of pages Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

11. Overview of Virtualization Virtual machine virtualization –Application ‘running under’ a virtual machine executes an instruction of the virtual machine (we call it the guest machine) –The actual operation should be implemented through execution of instructions of the real machine (we call it the host machine) –It should incur minimal overhead Hence it should be achieved through minimal interpretation Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

12. Overview of Virtualization Who performs virtualization of virtual machines? –A virtual machine operating system (VM OS) –A virtual machine monitor (VMM) Also called a hypervisor Not a full-fledged operating system Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

13. Overview of Virtualization VM/370 –Provides virtual machines that have a subset of the capabilities of the real machine –Implements a virtual machine through virtualization Low overhead: Does not interpret each instruction Lets an application’s code execute on the real machine most of the time –Multiplexes various virtual machines Overlaps their operation so that each virtual machine receives a fair opportunity to operate Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

14. Overview of Virtualization VM/370 –‘Schedules’ a virtual machine –Makes arrangement to regain control at critical times –Issue: Ensure non-interference between virtual machines Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

15. Overview of Virtualization VM/370 –Ensures non-interference Does not allow a virtual machine’s OS (i.e, guest OS) to execute privileged instructions Runs the guest OS in ‘user mode’ of CPU –Drawback: loses the distinction between a guest OS and an application running under a guest OS Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

16. Overview of Virtualization VM/370 –How does it control overhead? Allows a virtual machine to use instructions of the CPU directly during its operation –No overhead at such times –OS of the guest machine is in control Interrupts occurring during guest OS operation can be handled directly by the guest OS Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

17. Performing Virtualization Full virtualization –Host machine and guest machine have identical capabilities Ad hoc arrangements may be need to ensure non- interference Paravirtualization –Some host machine instructions are not virtualized; their use is replaced by use of other instructions Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

18. Performing Virtualization Paravirtualization (contd) –Achieved in two ways Port a guest OS to work under a VM OS or VMM –Replaces use of nonvirtualized instructions by other instructions while ‘installing’ a guest OS Perform dynamic binary translation –Perform substitutions of nonvirtualized instructions during operation –Allows a guest OS to be used readily Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

19. Supporting Virtualization Hardware features –Provide more CPU modes Prevents interference by letting host OS, guest OS and application use different CPU modes –Provide easily virtualizable features Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

20. Supporting Virtualization Software support –Ensure noninterference –Provide performance isolation –Reduce overhead Replace control transitions of the kind ‘application → host OS → guest OS’ by ‘application → host OS’ Replace data transfers ‘application → guest OS → host OS → device’ by ‘application →.. device’ Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

21. Benefits of Virtualization Revisited Workload consolidation –Create several virtual machines on a host Security and reliability of applications –Create a virtual machine for each application Test an application concurrently with production use of a host –Use separate virtual machines Disaster management –Port a virtual machine Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

22. References These slides are based primarily on Chapter 4 of the book: Operating Systems—A Concept-Based Approach, D. M. Dhamdhere, McGraw-Hill, 2008 Moving towards Virtualization… Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay