1. How do you read a nutrition label?

4. Four Organic Compounds

5. There are four main groups of organic compounds in living things…
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

6. What does “organic” mean?
Organic refers to compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

7. What does “organic” mean?
Organic refers to compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
Examples: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats)
Examples of Inorganic Molecules:
Water, salt, hydrogen peroxide

8. Why carbon?
Carbon is a VERY versatile element – it has four electrons on it’s outer shell, which means that it can make bonds with up to four other atoms.

9. What’s a “macromolecule”?
Macromolecules are very large molecules made from many smaller molecules
Monomers are the small building blocks of these molecules
Monomers join together to form polymers
Polymers are formed by polymerization

11. bioweb.wku.edu

12. Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, & Nucleic Acids

13. CARBOHYDRATES…
Carbohydrates are used by organisms as a main source of energy, and the breakdown of glucose supplies quick energy for our body.
Glucose is C6H12O6

14. CARBOHYDRATES…
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Ex: C1H2O1 OR 1 : 2 : 1
Glucose is C6H12O6

15. CARBOHYDRATES… Small carbohydrate monomers are called monosaccharides.
These simple sugar molecules usually end in the letters O - S - E:
Example: glucose, fructose, lactose

16. CARBOHYDRATES… Many monosaccharides combine to form polysaccharides.
Extra sugars are stored as starch.
In plants, large carbohydrates form cellulose (used for structure in plant cell walls)
In animals, large carbohydrates are stored as glycogen.

17. Testing for Sugars and Starches
Starches: Lugol’s Reagant (Iodine Solution)
Sugars: Benedict’s Solution
Both turn blue/black

18. Potato contains starch so it has a positive Lugols test.
bbc.co.uk
positive test
Potato contains starch so it has a positive Lugols test.
negative test
webexhibits.org

19. Benedict’s solution – Test for Sugars
Color change (cloudy, yellowish) indicates that sugars are present
No color change (clear, light blue) is a negative test (no sugars present)

20. Why are carbs important?
Carbohydrates are our main source of energy.
Glucose supplies quick energy for our body.

21. Where do we get carbs in our diet?
Potatoes, bread, pasta, rice, fruit, some vegetables, honey, milk

22. LIPIDS…
Lipids re used for storing energy and they make up biological membranes (like cell membranes). Lipids are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen.

23. LIPIDS…
Lipids are made up of monomers called fatty acids which are then joined to a glycerol molecule.

24. Triglyceride Formed from a glycerol and three fatty acids.
faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu

25. When fats join, water is kicked out
When fats join, water is kicked out. This is why the process is called condensation (polymerization)
faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/

26. Triglyceride
faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu

27. Where do we find lipids?
Lipids are always found in the form of fats, oils, and waxes.

28. Testing for Lipids
Brown Paper Bag Test

29. Where do we find lipids?
Where do we get lipids from in our diet? Cooking oils, butter, animal fat, lard

30. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats --- What’s the Difference?
A saturated fatty acid chain has only single bonds between carbons while an unsaturated fatty acid chain has at least one double bond.

31. The more hydrogens there are, the more saturated a fat becomes.

32. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats --- What’s the Difference?
Unsaturated fats take more work to digest (it takes more energy to break the double bonds, which means unsaturated fats are better for your body than saturated fats.

34. PROTEINS…
Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
They are used for everything!

35. Proteins are used for everything!
For example:
Control rate of cell processes (enzymes)
Help form bone and muscles
Transport substances within cells
Help fight disease
Aid in regulation (hormones)
Examples: hemoglobin, insulin

37. PROTEINS…
Proteins are made up of many monomers called amino acids that link together in chains.
There are 20 amino acids that the human body needs to make proteins.

38. 2O AMINO ACIDS
Amino acids are cool! Any amino acid can be joined to any other amino acid and they can form any combination.

39. Side Note: Amino Acids
There are so many combinations of amino acids, and each combination folds up in a different way – this is why we have so many different proteins.

40. Protein Shape and Function
The shape of the protein affects its job inside the body, thus
***STRUCTURE*** DICTATES ***FUNCTION.***

41. As the protein chain is made, it begins to fold into a three dimensional structure.

42. cnx.org

43. What happens when a protein doesn’t fold correctly?
When protein isn’t folded correctly, it is said to denatured. That means it won’t work or function properly because it is deformed.
Ex: sickle cell disease

44. What happens when a protein doesn’t fold correctly?
When proteins don’t fold up in the right way, bad things can happen to our cells and bodies – things don’t work the way that they should.
Ex: sickle cell disease

45. Testing for Proteins
Biuret solution is a blue liquid that changes to purple when proteins are present
glossary-chemistry.blogspot.com
Positive result

46. Where do proteins come from?
Meat, eggs, cheese, nuts, soy

48. NUCLEIC ACIDS…
Nucleic acids are used for storing and transmitting hereditary and genetic information.
They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous.

49. NUCLEIC ACIDS…
Examples:
DNA
RNA

50. NUCLEIC ACIDS… NUCLEIC ACIDS are made of monomers called nucleotides.
There are five different nucleotides: cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, and uracil.

51. What does a nucleotide look like?
A nucleotide is made up of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

52. What does a nucleotide look like?
A nucleotide is made up of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

53. What does a nucleotide look like?
A nucleotide is made up of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

54. Indicator Testing
How do we test food to figure out which types of organic molecules they contain?
Starches – Lugol’s solution (Iodine)
Sugars – Benedicts solution
Proteins – Biuret solution
Lipids – Brown Paper Bag Test

55. Lugol’s (Iodine) solution – Test for Starches
bbc.co.uk
positive test
Potato contains starch so it has a positive Lugols test.
negative test
webexhibits.org

56. Testing for Lipids – Brown Paper Bag Test
Lipids cause the brown paper to look shiny and translucent

57. Testing for Proteins
glossary-chemistry.blogspot.com
Biuret solution is a blue liquid that changes to purple when proteins are present
Positive result