1. Civil Rights

2. Civil Rights
Activism, new legislation, and the Supreme Court advance equal rights for African Americans. But disagreements among civil rights groups lead to a violent period for the civil rights movement.
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3. Civil Rights SECTION 1 Taking on Segregation SECTION 2
The Triumphs of a Crusade
Challenges and Changes in the Movement
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4. Taking on Segregation Section 1
Activism and a series of Supreme Court decisions advance equal rights for African Americans in the 1950s and 1960s.
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5. Learning Objectives: Section 1 - Taking on Segregation
1. Explain how legalized segregation deprived African Americans of their rights as citizens.
2. Summarize civil rights legal activity and the response to the Plessy and Brown cases.
3. Trace Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s, civil rights activities, beginning with the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
4. Describe the expansion of the civil rights movement.

6. Taking on Segregation The Segregation System Plessy v. Ferguson 1
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Taking on Segregation
The Segregation System
Plessy v. Ferguson
Civil Rights Act of 1875 act outlawed segregation
In 1883, all-white Supreme Court declares Act unconstitutional
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: separate but equal constitutional
Many states pass Jim Crow laws separating the races
Facilities for blacks always inferior to those for whites
Continued . . .
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7. Guided Reading: What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 do?
Outlawed segregation in public facilities

8. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
A – What were the effects of the Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson?
The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was not unconstitutional,
Southern states, passed segregationist Jim Crow laws.

9. Guided Reading: How did the Court rule in Plessy?
Upheld Louisiana's "separate but equal" law as constitutional

10. Segregation Continues into the 20th Century1
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continued The Segregation System
Segregation Continues into the 20th Century
After Civil War, African Americans go north to escape racism
North: housing in all-black areas, whites resent job competition
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11. A Developing Civil Rights Movement1
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continued The Segregation System
A Developing Civil Rights Movement
WW II creates job opportunities for African Americans
Need for fighting men makes armed forces end discriminatory policies
FDR ends government, war industries discrimination
Returning black veterans fight for civil rights at home
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12. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
B – How did events during World War II lay the groundwork for African Americans to fight for civil rights in the 1950s?
Blacks had experienced better job opportunities;
Many veterans who had fought racist Germans wanted to resist racist Americans;
Civil rights groups had staged some successful protest.

13. Guided Reading:
In what three ways did World War II help set the stage for the modern civil rights movement?
the war opened up job opportunities for African Americans
b. African-American soldiers returned home determined to fight for their own freedom
c. during the war, organizations had campaigned for civil rights.

14. Challenging Segregation in Court1
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Challenging Segregation in Court
The NAACP Legal Strategy
Professor Charles Hamilton Houston leads NAACP legal campaign
Focuses on most glaring inequalities of segregated public education
Places team of law students under Thurgood Marshall
- win 29 out of 32 cases argued before Supreme Court
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15. Challenging Segregation in Court1
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Challenging Segregation in Court
Brown v. Board of Education
Marshall’s greatest victory is Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
In 1954 case, Court unanimously strikes down school segregation
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16. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
C – How did the Brown decision affect schools outside of Topeka?
Brown said that segregation has no place in public education, so all public school must desegregate.

17. Guided Reading: Who argued Brown’s case? Thurgood Marshall; NAACP
What did the Brown ruling declare? That segregation is unconstitutional

18. Reaction to the Brown Decision1
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Reaction to the Brown Decision
Resistance to School Desegregation
Within 1 year, over 500 school districts desegregate
Some districts, state officials, pro-white groups actively resist
Court hands Brown II, orders desegregation at “all deliberate speed”
Eisenhower refuses to enforce compliance; considers it impossible
Continued . . .
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19. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
D – Why weren’t schools in all regions desegregated immediately after the Brown II decision?
Some southern whites and state officials resisted segregation , and neither the president nor congress forced them to act quickly.

22. Crisis in Little Rock high school the Little Rock 91
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continued Reaction to the Brown Decision
Crisis in Little Rock high school
the Little Rock 9
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23. 1
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continued Reaction to the Brown Decision
Crisis in Little Rock
Since 1948, Arkansas integrating state university, private groups
Gov. Orval Faubus has National Guard turn away black students
Elizabeth Eckford faces abusive crowd when she tries to enter school
Eisenhower has Nat. Guard, paratroopers supervise school attendance
African-American students harassed by whites at school all year
1957 Civil Rights Act—federal government power over schools, voting
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24. Woodrow Wilson Mann, the mayor of Little Rock, asked President Eisenhower to send federal troops to enforce integration and protect the nine students.
On September 24, the President ordered the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army—without its black soldiers, who rejoined the division a month later—to Little Rock and federalized the entire 10,000-member Arkansas National Guard, taking it out of the hands of Faubus.

30. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
E – What effect do you think television coverage of the Little Rock incident had on the nation?
Television allowed people to see the white separatists’ cruel treatment of African American students.

31. Guided Reading:
How did President Eisenhower respond to the Little Rock crisis? Placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control; ordered in paratroopers

34. The Montgomery Bus Boycott1
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Boycotting Segregation
1955 NAACP officer Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat on bus
Montgomery Improvement Association formed, organizes bus boycott
Elect 26-year-old Baptist pastor Martin Luther King, Jr. leader
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35. The Montgomery Bus Boycott1
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Walking for Justice
African Americans file lawsuit, boycott buses, use carpools, walk
Get support from black community, outside groups, sympathetic whites
1956, Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation
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36. Guided Reading: What organization was formed to support Rosa Parks?
The Montgomery Improvement Association
What did it do?
Organized a boycott of Montgomery buses

37. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
F – Why was Rosa Park’s action on December 1, 1955 significant?
Parks’ refusal to yield her seat to a white man led to a boycott;
It also brought Martin Luther King Jr. to prominence.

38. Martin Luther King and the SCLC1
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Martin Luther King and the SCLC
Changing the World with Soul Force
King calls his brand of nonviolent resistance “soul force”
- civil disobedience, massive demonstrations
King remains nonviolent in face of violence after Brown decision
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39. Martin Luther King and the SCLC1
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Martin Luther King and the SCLC
From the Grassroots Up
King, others founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
By 1960, African-American students think pace of change too slow
Join Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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40. Guided Reading: Who was the president of SCLC? Martin Luther King, Jr
What was SCLC’s purpose? To "carry on nonviolent crusades" against racism

41. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
G – W hat were the central points of Dr. King’s philosophy?
“Soul force” or nonviolent resistance, which included acts of civil disobedience, demonstrations and adherence to nonviolence.

44. Guided Reading:
What did SNCC accomplish, and how? Desegregated lunch counters; sit-ins

45. The Movement Spreads Demonstrating for Freedom 1
SECTION
The Movement Spreads
Demonstrating for Freedom
SNCC adopts nonviolence, but calls for more confrontational strategy
Influenced by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to use sit-ins:
- refuse to leave segregated lunch counter until served
First sit-in at Greensboro, NC Woolworth’s shown nationwide on TV
In spite of abuse, arrests, movement grows, spreads to North
Late 1960, lunch counters desegregated in 48 cities in 11 states
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46. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS H – What was the role of the SCLC?
It organized protest and demonstrations to promote civil rights.

47. Guided Reading: What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 do?
Outlawed segregation in public facilities
How did the Court rule in Plessy?
Upheld Louisiana's "separate but equal" law as constih1tional
In what three ways did World War II help set the stage for the modern civil rights movement?
a. the war opened up job opportunities for African Americans
b. African-American soldiers returned home determined to fight for their own freedom
c. during the war, organizations had campaigned for civil rights.
Who argued Brown’s case?
Thurgood Marshall; NAACP
What did the Brown ruling declare?
That segregation is unconstitutional
What organization was formed to support Rosa Parks?
The Montgon1ery Improvement Association
What did it do?
Organized a boycott of Montgomery buses
How did President Eisenhower respond to the Little Rock crisis?
Placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control; ordered in paratroopers
Who was the president of SCLC?
Martin Luther King, Jr
What was SCLC’s purpose?
To "carry on nonviolent crusades" against racism
What did SNCC accomplish, and how?
Desegregated lunch counters; sit-ins