1. รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร อรพิน เกิดชูชื่น
รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร ณัฎฐา เลาหกุลจิตต์
School of Bioresources and Technology
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi , Bangkok

2. Introduction
Aromatic and medicinal plants are important for pharmaceutical, food and fragrance industries although they contain a small fraction of volatile oil.
Essential oils are interested in aromatherapy for healing, cleansing, preservative, and mood-elevating attributes.

3. Essential oils refer to the subtle, aromatic and volatile liquids extracted from the flowers, seeds, leaves, stems, bark and roots of herbs, bushes, shrubs and trees .
Chemically, in the essential oils that can derived to primarily composed of mono- and sesquiterpenes and aromatic etc.

4. Essential oils found in 108 families and > 2000 species.
Gramineae
Labiatae
Lauraceae
Myrtaceae
Oleaceae
Pinaceae
Rosaceae
Rutaceae
Santalaceae
Umbelliferae

5. Umbelliferae (บัวบก) (ตังกุย) (หอมป้อม) (คื่นช่าย) (ยี่หร่า)
Eryngium foetidum
(ผักชีฝรั่ง)
Centella asiatica
(บัวบก)
Angelica acutiloba
(ตังกุย)
Carum carvi
(หอมป้อม)
Apium graveolen
(คื่นช่าย)
Cuminum cyminum
(ยี่หร่า)
Foeniculum vulgare
(ผักชีล้อม )
Coriandrum sativum
(ผักชี)

6. Binomial name: Coriandrum sativum
Coriander
Kingdom: Plantae
Family: Umbelliferae
Genus: Coriandrum
Species: C. sativum
Binomial name: Coriandrum sativum
All parts of the plant are edible used in cooking.
seeds are used a carminative and a digestive aid the relief of
anxiety and insomnia in Iran
It helps to detoxify the body and to stimulate the spleen.

7. Coriander oil has a sweet, spicy, warm smell, is nearly colorless to pale yellow and has a watery viscosity.
The therapeutic properties of coriander oil are analgesic, aphrodisiac, antispasmodic, carminative, depurative, deodorant, digestive, carminative, fungicidal, lipolytic, stimulant and stomachic.

8. Commercial Used Pharmaceutical Aromatherapy Lotions & Cream Beverages
Candy
Meat sauce
Alcoholic
Herrero et al., 2010

9. Essential oils Compound Essential oils compound
Chemical composition of essential oil from Coriander .
53 compounds are detected
Essential oils Compound
Composition
(%)
γ-Terpinene
14,42
β-Pinene
1,82
β-Myrcene
0.55
m-Cymene
1.27
Limonene
.0.4
Linalool
37,65
Citronellal
1.96
Borneol
0.32
Terpinyl acetate
0.31
Citronellol
1.31
Citral
1.36
Geraniol
1.87
Essential oils compound
Composition (%)
Eugenol
0.9
Undecanal
0.58
Myrtenyl acetate
0.43
Citronellyl acetate
1,36
Geranyl acetate
17,57
Caryophyllene
0.33
Curcumene
0.98
α-Cedrene
3,87
α-Farnesene
1.22
β-Bisabolene
0.8
β-Sesquiphellandrene
1.56
Others
7.16
Linalool (37.65%)
γ-Terpinene (14.42%)
Geranyl acetate (17.57%)
α-Cedrene (3.87%)
Bhuiyan, et.al., 2009

10. Chemistry of essential oils
The complicated volatile compounds in essential oil could be divided into 4 groups:
Aliphatic compound
Benzene derivatives
Terpene derivatives
Others compound

11. Aliphatic compound Aliphatic Alcohol Aliphatic aldehydes
In aliphatic compounds, carbon atoms can be joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings
Aliphatic Alcohol
cis-3-hexen-1-ol cis-2-hexen-1-ol octen-3-ol
Aliphatic aldehydes
n-octanal trans-2-hexanal

12. Aliphatic ketones Aliphatic esters 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin)
diacetyl (2,3-butanedione)
Aliphatic esters
C6 alcohol-acetate : fruity notes
C8-12 acetate : blossom fragrance
C12 : conifer notes
acetate-ester : fatty-soapy odour
Ethyl acetate Benzyl acetate Linalyl acetate

13. Benzene derivatives
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula (C6H6 ) n
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon with a continuous pi bond
Hydrocarbon
Benzenoid alcohol
Cinnamic-alcohol Cinnamaldehyde Phenylacetaldehyde

14. 4. Ester of aromatic alcohols and aliphatic acids
3. Benzenoid ketone
4. Ester of aromatic alcohols and aliphatic acids
Benzylacetate Benzyl benzoate
Phenylethyl acetate

15. Terpene derivatives
Terpenes are derived biosynthetically from units of isoprene, which has the molecular formula (C5H8 ) n. That may be classified by the number of terpene units in the molecule.

16. Monoterpene
the molecular formula C10H16. Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings.
Acyclic
Mycrene
Monocyclic
Menthol
Bicyclic
Camphor

17. Sesquiterpenes Acyclic Farnesene Monocyclic Humulene Bicyclic
The molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes
may be acyclic or contain rings, including many unique
combinations.
Acyclic
Farnesene
Monocyclic
Humulene
Bicyclic
Vetivazulene
Tricyclic
Longifolene

18. Diterpenes Triterpenes
Diterpenes are composed for four isoprene units and have the molecular formula C20H32
Retinol :
Triterpenes
Triterpenes consist of six isoprene units and have the molecular formula C30H48
Lanosterol :

19. Other compounds

20. The volatile oil composition may change from the natural odor depending on the extraction method (Anitescu et al, 1997).

21. supercritical carbon dioxide Trans-sabinene hydrate
Compositions
Hydrodistillation
Ethanol
supercritical carbon dioxide
Linalool
Terpinene
Camphor
Limonene
α-pinene
γ-terpinene
C-terpinene
Coumarins
Geraniol
Geranyl acetate
Phenylpropanoids
P-cymene
Myrcene
Terpenolene
Camphene
Terpinolene
α- terpineol
Trans-sabinene hydrate
Citronello
n - Octanol
The volatile oil composition may change from the natural odor depending on the extraction method
Anitescu et al, 1997

22. Concrete (crude extracts) Steam/hydro distillation
Plant extracts Production
Methods
Final products
notes
Enfleurage
Enfleurage absolutes
Suitable for extracts flavor of flowers
Expression
Essential oils
Need a high energy, suitable for extracts citrus peel, low yield
Solvent extraction
Concrete (crude extracts)
a waxy, semisolid, dark-colored material free from the original solvent
Easy, simple, low energy
Absolutes
Free from wax and resinoids
Steam/hydro distillation
concentrate hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds and rich of bioactive compounds
(aliphatic, terpene, benzene, others)
High yield compared with expression

23. Extraction
Flavor + fragrance ที่สกัดจากพืช เรียก “pomades, concretes, absolutes, resinoids or tincture
1.  Pomades ประกอบด้วยไขมันที่มีสารให้กลิ่นหอมอยู่ เตรียมโดยวิธี hot or cold
enfleurage จากดอกไม้
-   Hot enfleurage วิธีเก่าแก่ในการเก็บรักษากลิ่นหอม โดยนำดอกไม้หรือส่วนต่างๆ ของพืช จุ่มใน wax เหลว + ร้อน
-   Cold enfleurage ใช้ไขมันเป็นตัว adsorp volatile component ที่ปล่อยจากดอกไม้ โดยเอาดอกไม้สดใส่ไว้ในชั้นไขมัน ซึ่งไขมันประกอบด้วย lard + beef tallow ซึ่ง spread บนกระจกแก้วในภาชนะปิด เป็นวิธีใช้แทนการสกัดด้วย solvent

24. 2. Concretes สกัดส่วนต่างๆ ของพืช ด้วย solvent ชนิด non polar solvent (toluene, hexane, petroleum ether) เมื่อระเหยส่วนที่เหลือจะมี volatile fragrance + non volatile รวมทั้ง wax cpds.
Concrete มีลักษณะเหมือน pomades ไม่ละลายใน alc ... มีข้อจำกัดในการนำมาใช้ perfume แต่ใช้ให้กลิ่นสบู่
Concrete สกัดมาจากดอกไม้ (กุหลาบ มะลิ เป็นต้น) ส่วนตางๆ ของพืช (lavender, violet leaf เป็นต้น)
 3. Absolutes เตรียมจาก concrete ละลายใน ethanol ตกตะกอนที่ temp ต่ำ  กรอง  ระเหย EtOH ออก  wax – free เรียก absolute ... ละลายได้ใน EtOH ใช้ perfume ingredients
 4. Resinoids เตรียมจากยางไม้ (plant exudates) สกัดด้วย solvent เช่น methanol, EtOH, Toluene  yield 50 – 95% product เหนียว ทำเจือจางเติม phthalates หรือ benzyl benzoate เพื่อปรับปรุงคุณสมบัติการไหล และการนำไปใช้
resinoid ประกอบด้วย nonvolatile + resinoid cpds. ต่างจาก oleoresin ซึ่งได้จาก pepper, ginger, vanilla oleoresins ใช้ solvent สกัดจาก spices solvent ที่ใช้ขึ้นกับชนิด spices หรือ supercritical CO2 เป็นตัวสกัด pepper + ginger oleoresins มี volatile aroma + pungency
 5. Tinctures เป็นสารที่ละลายใน alc. เตรียมโดย Treat natural raw material ด้วย ethanol ผสมกับน้ำ ซึ่ง solvent เหล่านี้สามารถละลายสารที่สกัดได้จากพืชชนิดต่างๆ Tinctures บางครั้งเรียกว่า Infusion

25. Extraction methods Expression Distillation -Hydrodistillation
-Steam distillation
- Simultaneous distillation extraction
- Vacuum distillation
Solvent extraction
- Enflurage
- Liquid-liquid extraction
- Soild-liquid extraction
- Supercritical fluid extraction

26. 1. Expression Advantage Low cost simple Disadvantage - High energy
- Long time

27. 2. Distillation
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction.

28. Hydrodistillation Advantage -Easy separation Disadvantage
Traditional method of extraction
Advantage
-Easy separation
Disadvantage
- Combustion of the
sample
- Degradation of
volatile compound

29. Advantage Disadvantage
Steam distillation
distilling compounds
which are heat-sensitive
Advantage
- Easy separation
- Easy operation
Disadvantage
Degradation of some
analytes
- Sample impurities
Expensive equipment

30. Simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE)
Advantage
- Semi-volatile and heat-
stable component
High recovery
- rapid
Disadvantage
- concrete
Degradation of volatile
compound
- Thermal degradation

31. Advantage Disadvantage
Vacuum distillation
low temperature distillation
Principle: pressure above
mixture is reduced to less
than its vapor pressure
Advantage
- Prevention degradation
Disadvantage
- Use strong instrument
- Expensive
- Weak volatiles

32. 3. Solvent extraction Enfleurage Advantage simple
Enfleurage uses odorless
fats that are solid at room
temperature
Advantage
simple
Suitable for flower extraction
Disadvantage
* long time of extraction
* Not use a wide range of material

33. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)
Partition
Extraction of a substance with
different densities
Advantage
- Easy to separate
Extractions normally
performed at room
temperature
Disadvantage
Large volumes of
organic solvents

34. Soild-liquid extraction
Base on like dissolve like
Use solvent to separate desired
compound from solid sample
Advantage
Analyze in one extraction step
Disadvantage
- Loss of certain compounds
- The time for an average
Soxhlet extraction ranges
from 1 to 72 h.
Soxhlet extractor

35. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
Supercritical fluids provide a higher solubility of the components of the volatile oil, as well as improved mass-transfer rates. Moreover, the manipulation of parameters as temperature and pressure leads to the extraction of different components.
Reverchon and De Marco, 2006

36. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

37. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
- Dense gases
- Critical temperature
& pressure
- Resemble both liquids & gases

38. Critical properties of various solvents
Molecular weight
Critical temperature
Critical pressure
Critical density
g/mol ˚C
Bar
g/cm3
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
44.01
30.95
73.77
0.469
Water (H2O)
18.015
220.65
0.322
Methane (CH4)
16.04
-82.75 46
0.162
Ethane (C2H6)
30.07
32.15
48.7
0.203
Propane (C3H8)
44.09
96.65
42.5
0.217
Ethylene (C2H4)
28.05
9.25
50.4
0.215
Propylene (C3H6)
42.08
91.75
46.0
0.232
Methanol (CH3OH)
32.04
239.45
80.9
0.272
Ethanol (C2H5OH)
46.07
240.75
61.4
0.276
Acetone (C3H6O)
58.08
234.95
47.0
0.278
Reid et al., 1987

39. Super Critical CO2 Extraction
DISADVANTAGE
Boiling point, Artifact formation partial loss of extracted volatiles
ADVANTAGES
Easy to remove, Not harmful, odorless, tasteless, non flammable, Inexpensive in high purity, moderate condition = 310C 74 bar , no degradation ---->labile flavor compounds selectivity, aroma & flavor-->resemblance to original material

40. SOLUBILITY UNDER LIQUID CO2
1. MW < 500 daltons
Low - medium MW of halocarbon, aldehyde, keton,
ester, alcohol, ether
Low MW , non polar, aliphatic hydrocarbons carbons
4. Polar organic -- low solubility
5. Polar groups -- OH, COOH, N decrease solubility
Chorophyll, carotenoids, amino acid, fruit acid
--->insoluble
Alkaloids, phenols, aniline compounds
----> poor solubility

41. The application of liquid CO2
HOP, OLEORESIN, Basils, VANILLA, ONION OIL, CITRUS OIL, APPLE JUICE, PEAR, COFFEE, ORANGE, Coliander
FLAVOR, FRAGRANCE, AND COLORANTS
CONCERN HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENT
Consumer demand, new, improved, natural, high quality

42. TRIPLE POINT CRITICAL POINT
FRACTIONATION
DEODERIZATION
TOTAL EXTRACTION
TRIPLE POINT CRITICAL POINT
LIQUID
SOLID
SUPERCRITICAL REGION
GAS
Temperature (˚c)
Pressure (bar)
Pc = 73.8 bar
Tc = 31.1 ˚c
Laohakunjit .,2010

43. Factor affecting on quality of extract by SFE
Temperature
Pressure
Particle size
Time
Pourmortazavi et al., 2007 and Bensebia et al., 2009

44. 2. Continuous Solvent Extraction
Condenser
Beverage sample
Solvent (Ether)
Holes at the bottom of the tube
Water Bath

45. Persicaria odorata Common name : Vietnamese coriander
Thai name : Pak-Paeow
Family : Polygonaceae
Usually use for culinary herbs
Author
Method of extraction
Type of extracts
Result
Zheng, and Wang (2001)
extracted with 15 mL of phosphate buffer (75 mM, pH 7.0)
Crude extract
has a total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of 3.09± 0.12 and 22.30±0.68 respectively
Starkenmann, et al (2006)
Hydrodistillation
Essential oil
The Persicaria odorata
has a strong coriander leaf odor due to it’s high content aliphatic aldehydes.
Nanasombat
And Teckchuen (2009)
Methanol extract
Polygonum odoratum or Persicaria odorata has an antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica
And also has an antioxidant activity, and Total phenolics compounds of ± 18.8 and 52.0 ± 0.0 (µg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/mg dry extract)

46. Suaeda maritima Common name : Annual sea blite Thai name : Cha-kram
Family : Amaranthaceae
Include in halophyte plant group
Salt content in the tissues is very high -> can act as antimicrobial agent
Author
Method of extraction
Type of extracts
Result
Agoramoorthy, et al.(2008)
Whole Dry plant
Whole dry plant
Total phenolic of 23.5 ± 4.2 µg/mL
Radical scavenging activity >250 ( ± 902.8) µg/mL
Kumar, et al. (2009)
Methanol extract
Crude extract
Show inhibition activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium and Streptococcus lactis
Bobbarala, et al. (2009)
Solvent (methanol) extraction with soxhlet apparatus
Show an antifungal activity and MIC value of and ± 80 µmg/ml
Wannu, et al. (2010).
Solvent extraction
(petroleum ether and ethanol)
Could inhibit the growth of bacterial strains; B. cereus, L. mesenteroid, L. plantarum and S. aureus which their
inhibition zone were 13.25, 16.00, and mm, respectively.
From many type of herbs plant, I was interest with this three type of plant
Firstly, persicaria odorata, in the past this plant also called polygonum odoratum, the common name is vietnamese coriander, and in thai it’s called pak-peaow, this herbs ussualy use for culinary
Secondly, suaeda maritima or annual seablite, in thai it’s called Cha-kram, this plant include in halophyte plant group
Thirdly, piper sarmentosum or wild betel, in thai it’s called cha-plu, ussually use for culinary and medicine herbs

47. Piper sarmentosum Common name : Wild betel Thai name : Cha-plu
Family : Piperaceae
Culinary and medicine herbs
Author
Method of extraction
Type of extracts
Result
Chanwitheesuk, et al. (2005)
Methanol extraction
Crude extract
The highest antioxidant activity was detected in G. inodorum, followed by P. sarmentosum and M. arvensis, respectively.
Zaidan, et al (2005)
Methanol extrcation in sohxlet apparatus
Piper sarmentosum showed anti bacterial activity against S.aureus
Vagashiya, et al. (2007)
Methanol extract, for 24 h
The study demonstrated the efficacy of Piper sarmentosum, P. argyrophillum, P. longum, P. betle as a antiinflammatory agents
Chieng, et al. (2008)
Hydrodistillation
Essential oil
Essential oil has an antitermite activity against larvae of Artemia salina
Taweechaisupapong, et al. (2010).
Hydrodistillation and ethanol extract
Essential oil and concretes
Piper sarmentosum ethanol extract has only antifungal activity for C.albicans
MBC of Piper sarmentosum against A. actinomycetemcomitans and C.albicans are 2.5 and 1.25 mg/ml respectively.
Kondo, et al. (2010).
Ethanol and water extraction (maseration)
Crude extraction
Piper sarmentosum ethanol extract has antibacterial activity against Vibrios and Shigella with the MIC value >5 and >5 mg/ml respectively.
From many type of herbs plant, I was interest with this three type of plant
Firstly, persicaria odorata, in the past this plant also called polygonum odoratum, the common name is vietnamese coriander, and in thai it’s called pak-peaow, this herbs ussualy use for culinary
Secondly, suaeda maritima or annual seablite, in thai it’s called Cha-kram, this plant include in halophyte plant group
Thirdly, piper sarmentosum or wild betel, in thai it’s called cha-plu, ussually use for culinary and medicine herbs

48. Application of essential oil in chicken meat
Several type of plant has been use for preservatives in chicken meat
Research
Type of plant extract
Purpose of use
Lemay, et al (2002)
Mustard oil
Antibacterial agents in raw chicken meat against Eschericia coli, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Lactobacillus alimentarius
Oral, et al (2009)
Oregano essential oil
Antibacterial agents against Psychrotrops bacteria, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Yeast, Pseudomonas enterobactericeae
Irkin and Esme (2009)
bay leaf (Laurus mobilis L.) essential oil (0.5% v/w) with modified atmosphere (MAP) (20%CO2/80%N2) and vacuum packaging stored at 4°C
To control Listeria monocytogenes and Eschericia coli ground chicken breast meat
Giatrakou, et al (2010)
Chitosan and Thyme oil
Preservatives on ready to cook chicken product
Fratianni, et al. (2010)
Thyme and Balm oil
Preservatives on chicken breast meat
Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn (2010)
Coriandrum sativum oil in various concentrations (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5%)
To controlling Campylobacter jejuni in raw meat in various storage temperatures
No report about the application of essential oil or plant extract from Vietnamese coriander, annual sea blite and wild betel

49. Extraction process absolutes
Sample preparation
Solvent Extraction
Dry sample : 20 gr
Composition : (1:2 w/v ratios)
24 hour extraction (1st extraction)
1st extracts
Ethanol
Acetone
Petroleum ether
Hydrodistillation
Dry sample : 500 gr
Fresh sample : 1000 gr
Time : 24 h.
Essential oil
(dry and fresh sample)
absolutes
Wax washing process
Residue
72 hour extraction (2nd extraction)
2nd extracts
Physical, chemical, and biological activity analysis

50. The best plant extracts Application into the raw chicken meat
Physical, chemical, and biological activity analysis
Analysis
Physical properties :
Percent of yield extraction
Optical rotation
Color
Refractive index.
Chemical properties :
- Volatile compounds analysis
- Total phenolics compounds
Biological activities :
Antibacterial activity
Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) values
Antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS methods)
The best plant extracts
Application into the raw chicken meat
The first step is extraction, which will be done by two method. Hydrodistillation and solvent extration

51. Sample concentration : 100 ppm
Volatile compound analysis
Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with :
30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness,
DB-5ms capillary column.
The carrier gas was helium at flow rate ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100 ppm concentration) was injected directly
The injector and detector temperatures were 230oC and 250oC respectively.
The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 70 oC then 10oC/min. to 140oC, and then 5oC/min. to 240oC
Sample concentration : 100 ppm
Volume injection : 1 µL
Compared with WILEY257 and NIST library use a % quality match greater than 85%
RI calculation based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)

52. Volatile compound analysis
Essential oil
No.
Volatile compound
RIa
% of Composition
Fresh
Dry 1.
eucalyptol
1051
0.31 -
14.
alpha,-curcumene
1490
3.16
4.49 2.
undecane
1108
0.14
15.
eremophillene
1508
6.89
4.20 3.
1-nonanol
1174
0.09
16.
7-epi-alpha-selinene
1537
2.59 4.
decanal
1212
7.32
4.47
17.
ledol
1550
5.99 5.
decanol
1274
3.34
18.
nerolidol
1564
3.67 6.
undecanal
1311
0.58
0.57
19.
globulol
1587
0.95 7.
n-decanoic acid
1358
0.21
20.
caryophyllene oxide
1601
2.04
5.64 8
1-Nonene
1374
2.02
21.
cubenol
1640
0.08 9.
beta-elemene
1401
0.64
22.
eupatoriochromene
1664
21.71
20.94
10.
dodecanal
1417
19.96
18.72
23.
drimenol
1790
4.74
4.34
11.
beta-caryophyllene
1441
11.07
11.40
24.
Hexahydro farnesyl acetone
1842
0.60
12.
allo-aromadendren
1456
0.49
25.
isophytol
1945
0.39
0.17
13.
alpha.-caryophyllene
1476
12.57
11.62
26.
n-hexadecanoic acid
1959
0.91
0.99
a Retention indices calculated based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)
Starkenmann et al, (2008) mentioned the major compounds of this plant are decanal and caryophyllene.

53. Volatile compound analysis
Plant extract
No.
Volatile compound
RIa
% of Composition
Petroleum ether
Acetone
Ethanol
1st
2nd 1.
beta-pinene
981 -
8.06
16.55
13.10 2.
beta-cis-ocimene
1025
1.61 3.
3-carene
1037
2.08 4.
ocimene
1050
17.90
36.46
26.44 5.
decanal
1208
18.43
12.09
7.73
4.64
4.42 6.
methyl hydrocinnamate
1278
2.57 7.
ethyl dihydrocinnamate
1351
1.77
4.24
2.71 8
copaene
1388
8.52
6.00 9.
dodecanal
1409
53.12
38.36
27.14
7.21
11.35
10.
caryophyllene
1435
5.42
8.07
6.26
6.49
7.07
11.01
11.
cyclododecane
1471
6.13
6.47
12.
1,1-diethoxydecane
1472
8.10
19.03
13.
germacrene d.
1495
2.40
3.06
14.
3,5-di-tert-butylphenol
1505
5.78
4.81
9.16
10.70
15.
dehydro-cyclolongifolene oxide
1657
8.21
16.48
16.
eupatoriochromene
5.52
8.00
19.49
17.
neophytadiene
1834
2.88
5.30
4.71
5.09
6.08
18.
ethyl hexadecanoate
1989
5.80
13.24
4.62
5.61
28.43

54. Clear dark green and yellow
Physical properties
Annual sea blite
Extraction methods
Refractive index
Optical rotation
Color appearance
Ethanol 1st
1.363 o
Clear dark green and yellow
Ethanol 2nd o
Petroleum ether 1st
1.364 o
Clear light yellow
Petroleum ether 2nd o
Acetone 1st o
Clear light green
Acetone 2nd o
Hydrodistillation-Dry -
Hydrodistillation-Fresh
The physical properties in refractive index, optical rotation, color appearance were not different with vietnamese coriander results.

55. Sample concentration : 1000 ppm
Volatile compound analysis
Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with :
30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness,
DB-5ms capillary column.
The carrier gas was helium at flow rate ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100 ppm concentration) was injected directly.
The injector and detector temperatures were 230oC and 250oC respectively.
The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 40 oC then rate 8oC/min. to 100oC, then rate 15oC/min. to 180oC, and the last rate 12oC/min. to 280oC
Sample concentration : 1000 ppm
Volume injection : 0.5 µL
Compared with WILEY257 and NIST library use a % quality match greater than 85%
RI calculation based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)

56. The End Assoc. Prof.Dr. Natta Laohakunjit
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Orapin Kerdchoechuen