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THE LECTURE Soil and health. Problems of protecting the soil. Bases of the sanitary cleaning of the inhabited places. Hygiene of habitation. Microclimate,

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Presentation on theme: "THE LECTURE Soil and health. Problems of protecting the soil. Bases of the sanitary cleaning of the inhabited places. Hygiene of habitation. Microclimate,"— Presentation transcript:

1 THE LECTURE Soil and health. Problems of protecting the soil. Bases of the sanitary cleaning of the inhabited places. Hygiene of habitation. Microclimate, heating, ventilation. Hygiene of natural and artificial illumination of apartments.

2 THE PLAN 1. Introduction. 2. Soil and health. Problems of protecting the soil. 3. Hygiene of dwelling. Microclimate, heating, ventilation. 4. Hygiene of natural and artificial illumination in apartments

3 Soil may be defined as the fine earth covering land surfaces that has the important function of serving as a substratum of plain, animal, and human life. Soil essence of our being. Soil by volume, on the average consists of 45% mineral, 25% water, 25% air and 5% organic matter (both living and dead organisms).

4 Soils are composed of mineral matter, air, water, organic matter, and organisms. There are two general types of soils, mineral soils and organic soils. Mineral soils form from decomposed rocks or sediment derived from rocks. Organic soils form from the accumulation of plant material, usually in water-saturated, anaerobic conditions that retard decomposition. Mineral matter is described as texture and comprises half the volume of mineral soils. The other half of the soil volume is composed of voids or holes. These voids fill with water as the soil soaks up rain or flood waters, then are displaced with air as the water drains away, evaporates, or is absorbed by roots. The Composition of Soils

5 Both plants and animals help to create a soil. As they die, organic matter incorporates with the weathered parent material and becomes part of the soil. Living animals such as moles, earthworms, bacteria, fungi and nematodes are all busy moving through or digesting food found in the soil. All of these actions mix and enrich the soil. Here is a creature from each major group of soil organisms.Living animals Eastern Mole Night Crawler Nemotode (Round Worm) Root Fungus AmoebaBacteria Beetle Mite

6 The uppermost is called the organic horizon or O horizon. It consists of detritus, leaf litter and other organic material lying on the surface of the soil. This layer is dark because of the decomposition that is occurring. Below is the A horizon or topsoil. Usually it is darker than lower layers, loose and crumbly with varying amounts of organic matter. This is generally the most productive layer of the soil. The next layer is the B horizon or subsoil. Subsoils are usually lighter in color, dense and low in organic matter. These horizons collectively are known as a soil profile. Most of the materials leached from the A horizon stops in this zone. Still deeper is the C horizon. It is a transition area between soil and parent material. At some point the C horizon will give up to the final horizon, bedrock. Most of the materials leached from the A horizon stops in this zone. Still deeper is the C horizon. It is a transition area between soil and parent material. At some point the C horizon will give up to the final horizon, bedrock.

7 S oil pollution is associated mainly with: 1. The use of chemicals, such as fertilizers and growth-regulating agents, in agriculture; 4. The soil is thus becoming increasingly polluted with chemicals, including heavy metals and products of the petroleum industry, which can reach the food chain, surface water, or ground water, and ultimately be ingested by man. 2. T he dumping on land of large masses of waste materials from the mining of coal and minerals and the smelting of metals. Toxic or harmful substances can be leached out of such materials and enter the soil; 3. The dumping on land of domestic refuse and solids resulting from the treatment of sewage and industrial wastes.

8 MAN AIR MAN water Plants MAN planctone FISHES Animals MAN The following ways of toxic, radioactive and biological agents transmission are possible

9 Biological agents Biological agents animal-soil-man pathogenic organisms of animals, transmitted to man by direct contact with soil contaminated by the wastes of infected animals man-soil-man pathogenic organisms excreted by man and transmitted to man by direct contact with contaminated soil or by the consumption of fruit or vegetables grown in contaminated soil soil-man pathogenic organisms found naturally in soil and transmitted to man by contact with contaminated soil

10 Man-soil-man Enteric bacteria and protozoa Enteric bacteria and protozoa can contaminate the soil as a result of: (a) unsanitary excreta disposal practices; (b) the use of night soil or sewage sludge as a fertilizer, (c) the direct irrigation of agricultural crops with sewage. Soil and crops can become contaminated with the bacterial agents of cholera, salmonellas, bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) and typhoid and paratyphoid fever, or with the protozoan agent of amoebiasis. However, these diseases are most often water- borne, and transmitted by direct person-to-person contact, or by the contamination of food. Flies that breed in, or come into contact with, faecal-contaminated soil can serve as mechanical carriers of disease organisms. Parasitic worms (helminthes) Soil-transmitted parasitic worms or geo-helminthes are characterized by the fact that their eggs or larvae become infective after a period of incubation in the soil.

11 Leptospirosis Other diseases lymphocytic choriomeningi tis visceral larva migrans listeriosis, South American types of haemorrhagic fever, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, and tularemia Clostridium perfringens infections Animal-soil-man Animal-soil-man In a number of zoonoses (diseases of animals transmissible to man), the soil may play a major part in transmitting the infective agent from animal to man. Anthrax

12 Soil-man Soil-man Tetanus is an acute disease of man induced by the toxin of the tetanus bacillus growing an aerobically at the site of an injury. The infectious agent, clostridium tetani, is excreted by infected animals, especially horses. The immediate source of infection may be soil, dust, or animal and human faces. Mycoses Fungi and actinomycetes that grow normally as saprophytes in soil or vegetation cause most of the serious subcutaneous, deep-seated and systemic mycoses. Botulism This is a frequently fatal type of poisoning caused by bacterial toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. The reservoir of the organism is soil and the intestinal tract of animals. The toxin is formed by the anaerobic growth of spores in food, which is the immediate source of poisoning.

13 Mechanic content of soil and it’s hygienic meaning Sanitary condition of soil depends greatly on its structure. Soil consists of dense, liquid, gas and alive components. Soil solution is water with solved gases, mineral and organic compounds. The types of soil liquid component are film, capillary and gravitation water. Dense component consists of mineral compounds and humus – biogenic heavy-molecular dark colored soil (humine acids, humane and ulmine). Gas components ratio depends on amount of pores and the sanitary condition of soil. Soil microflore, plants and animals inhabiting depends on climatic and geologic conditions. Mechanic analysis data make available the following divisions of soils: stony, gravel, cartilage, sandy (>80% sand and 80% of clay), lime soils (>80% of clay), chalk soils, lessic soils (mixture of small sand particles with lime clay), black earth (>20% of humus), turf soils etc.

14 In pity soil the main component is organic substances of soil. The soil, which content the big-size of grain (sand, subs and), have a big pores. At the same time, the size of that pores is not very big: it is near 25-40 % from general volume of soil. The soil, which content the big size pores, have a good penetration for water and air, that is why it’s dry and content much air in it. The soil, which have the small size of grain ( it’s clay and peat) content the big number of small pores; the clay have 45-50 % of pores and peat have – to 84 % once. In consequence, the soil of small size of pores, which have the grain of small size – have bigger dampness and bad penetration for water and air. According to cleanness the soil is divided on  Clean;  Low polluted;  Polluted;  Heavily polluted In pity soil the main component is organic substances of soil. The soil, which content the big-size of grain (sand, subs and), have a big pores. At the same time, the size of that pores is not very big: it is near 25-40 % from general volume of soil. The soil, which content the big size pores, have a good penetration for water and air, that is why it’s dry and content much air in it. The soil, which have the small size of grain ( it’s clay and peat) content the big number of small pores; the clay have 45-50 % of pores and peat have – to 84 % once. In consequence, the soil of small size of pores, which have the grain of small size – have bigger dampness and bad penetration for water and air. According to cleanness the soil is divided on  Clean;  Low polluted;  Polluted;  Heavily polluted

15 Methods of sanitary analysis of soil: sanitary- physical sanitary- chemical sanitary- helminthological analysis sanitary- biological sanitary- radiological sanitary entomological

16 Dwelling influences a man’s health by volume, area, microclimate and other indexes. All man’s life is closely connected with dwelling. It protects from unfavorable meteorological factors. The dwelling includes the work place, the place for rest and sleep. Absences of necessary sanitary-hygienic standards in apartment are negatively reflected on such physiological organism functions as: breathing, heat exchange, higher nervous activity. And such dwelling indexes as dimensions and workplaces proportions, architecturally spatial settlements of apartment, and a color and walls decoration have a great influence on emotional man status.

17 Close connection between dwelling conditions and health state is a well-known fact. The death rate among inhabitants of apartments with a great number of people is in 1,5 - 2 times higher than among people residing spacious apartments. Pulmonary tuberculosis is the most typical illness of very small apartments. Very easily can spread such infections as: grippe, measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, coughing, chicken pox. The most important influence on preventing of these diseases has a good ventilation of apartment. At the same times the small apartments where sanitary norms are not followed correctly can contribute to the beginning and diffusion of intestine infections and helminthoses. And a beginning of quinsies and rheumatism is connected with staying in humid and cold apartments. Humidity, also contributes to development of specific funguses, which destroy wooden parts of building and cause appearance of unpleasant specific smell indoors.

18 The dwelling, which corresponds to hygienic norms, is : ought to be sufficiently spacious, dry, to have a favorable microclimate, clean air, to be well lighted by sunrays.

19 In Ukraine the lowest level of dwelling space per person is 13-15 m 2.

20 The dwelling functions for people are : satisfaction of physiological needs (sleeping, personal hygiene, eating, physical training and sport); communication and cultural activity (rest, entertainments, communication of family members); education and bringing up of children; housekeeping (cooking, cleaning, washing; professional activity, self-education, amateur activities.

21 Natural and artificial lighting in dwellings

22 The sun‘s rays render a thermal, physiological and bacteriological effects. Therefore residential, industrial and public buildings should be provided with daylight.

23 This phenomenon depends upon percentage of light absorption by walls of different coloring. While studying light absorption of papered walls of different colors it turned out that white wallpapers absorb only 8% of light, yellow – 10%; blue – 15% and dark brown from 87% to 96%.The dark colors swallow plenty of light rays, therefore coloring of room and furniture at schools, children's preschool and preventive establishments should be brighten. The white color and light tone are mirrored by sun rays on 70-90 of %, yellow color - on 50 %, green - on 50-60 of %, blue, violet - on 10-11 of %, black - on 1 %. There is one more important circumstance: the lighting may be often influenced by walls coloring which are opposite windows.

24 Types of insolation mode of locations Insolar mode Orientation windows on the world sides Time of insolation (hour) % insolation square in room Maximum South-East South-West 5-680 ModerateSouth, East 3-540-50 MinimumNorth-East North-West < 3< 30

25 Orientation of the windows on the world sides in some rooms: hospital wards (patient room) - on the South or South-East ; operation room - on the North; reanimation room - on the North, North - West, North-East; classroom -on the South, South- East or East

26 The day lighting in room depends on: distance between buildings, height of the building, proximity and height of green plantations.

27 Factors that influences on intensity and duration of daylight of rooms are: 1. The size of the windows, 2. Form of the windows, 3. Disposition of the windows. The upper edge of windows is necessary to be as higher as it is possible.

28 The size of the windows Hygiene has established standards of a glass area of windows to regulate amount of day light in rooms. It is recommended to have a glass area of windows (not windows area) which would be equal, for dwelling, not less than ⅛ of area of a floor. Light coefficient (LC) is a ratio of a glass area of windows to area of a floor. For living rooms LC = 1:6 - 1:8, For hospital wards, the doctor’s rooms, study rooms 1:5 - 1:6, for operation rooms, laboratory 1:3 - 1:4, for corridor 1:10 - 1:12.

29 form and disposition of the windows The best in form of the window are the rectangular windows, and the upper edge of the window should be placed from a ceiling on 20-30cm, for maximum receipt of light to the depth of rooms.

30 Coefficient of Depth (DC) This is an attitude of distance from the window to the opposite wall to distance from the upper edge of the window to a floor. The hygienic norm DC is not than 2. DC = distance from the window to the opposite wall / distance from the upper edge of the window to a floor

31 Coefficient of natural illumination The basic lighting engineering parameter for a normalization of daylight is coefficient of natural illumination (CNI). CNI = lighting indoors / lighting outdoor This ratio of lighting indoors to simultaneous lighting outdoor, is expressed in %. For living rooms CNI should be not less than 0,5 %, for hospital wards not less than 1 %, for study room - not less than 1,5 %, for operational room - not less than 2,5 %.

32 The angle of incidence of light rays The angle of incidence of light rays is an angle between a horizontal surface of a table, and line conducted from this surface to the upper edge of the window. The more erectly direction of light rays, i.e. the more angle, the lighting is more. For lighting of workplace the angle of incidence according to hygienic norms should be not less than 27 .

33 The angle of opening The angle of opening of light rays is an angle between a horizontal surface of a table, and line conducted from this surface to the upper edge of the object with darken the window (building or tree). Hygienic norm for the angle of opening is not less than 5 .

34 The daylight in rooms depends on: Light coefficient At contamination of glasses colorings of a ceiling, floor, walls Angle of opening of light rays Angle of incidence of light rays Coefficient of depth Coefficient of natural illumination distance between buildings

35 Description of natural illumination of dwelling IndexRates Coefficient of day lighting (DLC) not less 0,75 % Light coefficient (LC) not less 1/6-1/8 Angle of incidence of light rays not less 27 0 Angle of openingnot less 5 0 Depth Coefficient (DC) not greater 2

36 The sources of artificial lighting. There are two main sources of artificial lighting: incandescent bulb and luminescent lamp. The bulb is very convenient source of light. Its deficiency is a very small light returning. The spectrum of its radiation differs from the spectrum of white daylight. It has less quantity of blue and violet radiation and more red and yellow one. That’s one taking into consideration psycho- physiological side this radiation is pleasant and warm.

37 Incandescent Lamp In an incandescent lamp, an electric current flows through a thin tungsten wire called a filament. The current heats the filament to about 3000° C (5400° F), which causes it to emit both heat and light. The bulb must be filled with an inert gas to prevent the filament from burning out. For many years incandescent lamps were filled with a mixture of nitrogen and argon. Recently the rare gas krypton has been used because it allows the filament to operate at a higher temperature, which produces a brighter light.

38 Components of a Fluorescent Lamp A fluorescent lamp consists of a phosphor-coated tube, starter, and ballast. The tube is filled with an inert gas (argon) plus a small amount of mercury vapor. The starter energizes the two filaments when the lamp is first turned on. The filaments supply electrons to ionize the argon, forming a plasma that conducts electricity. The ballast limits the amount of current that can flow through the tube. The plasma excites the mercury atoms, which then emit red, green, blue, and ultraviolet light. The light strikes the phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp, which converts the ultraviolet light into other colors. Different phosphors produce warmer or cooler colors.

39 Fluorescent lamps have several important advantages. By choosing the proper type of phosphor, the light from such lamps can be made to approximate the quality of daylight. In addition, the efficiency of the fluorescent lamp is high. A fluorescent tube taking 40 watts of energy produces as much light as a 150-watt incandescent bulb. Because of this illuminating power, fluorescent lamps produce less heat than incandescent bulbs for comparable light production.

40 There are 3 types of luminescence lamp: - daylight luminescence lamp, - white-light luminescence lamp, -warm-white-light luminescence lamp.

41 The defect of the daylight luminescence lamp is that human skin in this light looks unhealthy, cyanotic, that`s why such lamps are not used in hospital and school rooms. Comparing with daylight lamps the spectrum of white-light luminescence lamps is richer with yellow rays. During lighting with such lamps high workability of an eye is kept and skin looks better. That`s why white-light lamps are used at school, apartments, hospital wards. Spectrum of warm-white-light lamps is rich with yellow and pink rays and decreases eye`s workability, but considerably improves colour of skin. Those lamps are used for illumination of stations, cinemes, underground. Difference of spectrum is one of hygienic advantages of luminescence lamps.

42 V ery important is correct choosing of lamps by spectrum depending on room`s function. If in luminescence lamp illumination is lower than 75-150 lx, there`s seen “evening effect”, meaning that illumination is accepted as insufficient even during seeing big details. That`s why at luminescence lamp illumination is lower than 75-150 lx. Besides, during observation of luminescent illumination may appear “stroboscopic effect”, meaning appearance of multiple borders of an object. For avoiding this luminescent lamp are turned up into different phases or thereare used special schemes with phase motion. If luminescence lamp give pulsating light or noise.

43 Advantages of luminescence lamps compared with bulbs. The bulb cannot be used when one need to differentiate colours well. In this case one should use luminescent lamp of daylight. Lamps of white light have spectrum rich on yellow rays. That’s why while using true lamps great capacity for eye work is presented, and skin colour looks great. That’s why lamps of white light are used in schools, lecture rooms, settlements, and wards of hospitals. Spectrum of lamps of warm-white light is rich on yellow and rose radiation. This fact makes less capacity for eye work, but makes the skin colour very pleasant. Variety of spectrum is one of the hygienic advantages of these lamps light returning of luminescent lamps is in 3-4 times higher than light returning of bulbs. That’s why they are more economic. During numerous comparative investigations with bulbs on industrial plants, in schools, hospitals, lecture rooms objective induces, which characterise the nervous system state, weariness of eye, capacity for work almost in all cases prove hygienic advantage of luminescent lamps. But for their wide usage we need professional help. It is necessary to choose the lamp correctly, according to its spectrum, taking into consideration purpose of the place.

44 Unfavorable illumination conditions make worse general feelings and decrease physical and mental capacity. In 1870 F. F. Erisman connected the development of myopia in students with systematic strain of optical organ, which is caused by insufficient illumination. Except this, F. F. Erisman discovered that schoolboys who live in the city more often suffer from myopia and scoliosis than children who live in village. This is connected with longer staying of last ones outside on fresh air.

45 Description of artificial light for dwelling Living placeLevel of least illumination (lux) By incandescence lamps By luminescent lamps Dwelling room 75100 Kitchen100 Closet, bathroom 3050 Hall50 Stairs1050

46 Microclimate of dwelling places Temperature is the main index of microclimate of dwelling place. In winter temperature in apartment has to be 18-20 0 C (for moderate latitude). Relative humidity (with air temperature 18-20 0 С) has to be 40-60 %. Third component of meteorological complex is the speed of air that has to be not more then 0,2-0,3 m/с.) Acceptable microclimate is when person can wear light clothes and shoes, stay for a long time without many moves and have no unpleasant feelings such as freezing or overheating.

47 Chemical structure of air The atmosphere air consists of 21 % of oxygen, 78 % of nitrogen, 0,04 % of carbon oxide gas, inconstant amount of watery sweat and the rest (less 1 %) compose ozone, hydrogen, helium, neon, krypton, radon and argon. The most important part of air for man is Oxygen. 350 ml of oxygen per minute expends on oxidizing processes in human organism in rest state. And followed by physical consumption work oxygen considerably increases and can reach 4500-5000 ml and more per minute. By lowering of absolute amount of oxygen in mid air, which is breathed in, from 21 % to 16 % appears dyspnoe, and by further lowering - phenomena of oxygenic insufficiency.

48 Carbon dioxide. Contents of carbon dioxide gas in atmospheric air is relatively permanent - 0,03-0,04 %. СО 2 does not congest in air and excludes from it with rainfalls (1l of rain-water contains about 1-2 ml СО 2 ), reacts with seawater, forming carbon dioxide salts and, usually, collapses by chlorophyll plants. A concentration of СО 2 in air in closed, badly ventilated dwellings rises up because of peoples’ breathing.

49 Change of content and properties of air while breathing Atmospheric air Breathed out air Oxygen 21 %15,5-16 % СО 2 0,03-0,04 %2,5-5 % Temperaturedifferent35-37 0

50 Sanitary index of contamination in dwellings is the concentration of carbon dioxide gas in the air. Maximum admissible concentration of СО 2 in dwelling air is 0,1%. If the amount of СО 2 is bigger an unpleasant self-feeling and headaches appears. Air ventilation can be considered good if the concentration of СО 2 in air is lesser than 0,07 %; ventilation of air is satisfactory when concentration of СО 2 in air is 0,1 % and the concentration of 0,15 % is admissible only for short time staying (for example, in cinemas).

51 For hygienic air estimation, besides chemical content, we can discuss its physical properties. The main physical property is ionic content of air. As air is cleaner, it contains more light electric negatives ions. In village the amount of such ions is equal 1000 ions per 1 ml of air, on some health-resorts (in mountains and by sea) amount of light electric negatives ions reaches 3000-4000 ions per 1 ml of air, and in some big industrial cities amount of such ions falls down to 300-100 ions. In closed rooms the light negative ions are absorbed by breathing, and also by dust, clothes. Some hygienists consider that pretty good sanitary air cleanness is indicator of ionization degree. If there’s a small amount of light negative ions in the air people get a somnolence, headache and high blood pressure.

52 The microorganisms are found in mid air with other contaminations (bacterium, spores, mould funguses). The most often they are found on dust surface. Many virus diseases pass by air. Considerable amount of drops of saliva and mucus comes into air with cough, sneeze and even with talking. When healthy person sneezes 40000 drops are generated, when sick person sneezed 150000 pathogenic bacterium is produced. During cough, sneeze and talk drops can spray in mid air for several meters. Drops with diameter of 0,1 mm hold out in air only for a few seconds, drops of smaller diameter can hold out in air for several hours.. Usually the pathogenic microbes, which are in air, cause infectious diseases.

53 Some practical arrangements like workplaces ventilation, humid cleaning, rubbing of floor for interconnecting of dust, guaranteeing of sufficient natural light illumination, patients’ insulation, irradiation of air by bactericidal lamps are used to prevent bacterial air contamination and its’ negative influence. Sometimes the chemical air disinfections methods are used.

54 Sources of Indoor Air Pollution Asbestos Biological Pollutants Carbon Monoxide Formaldehyde/Pressed Wood Products Household Cleaning and Maintenance, Personal Care, or Hobbies Lead Nitrogen Dioxide Pesticides Radon Respirable Particles Secondhand Smoke Stoves, Heaters, Fireplaces, and Chimneys

55 Indoor Air Quality In Homes

56 Indoor pollution sources that release gases or particles into the air are the primary cause of indoor air quality problems in homes. Inadequate ventilation can increase indoor pollutant levels by not bringing in enough outdoor air to dilute emissions from indoor sources and by not carrying indoor air pollutants out of the home. High temperature and humidity levels can also increase concentrations of some pollutants.

57 There are many sources of indoor air pollution in any home. These include combustion sources such as oil, gas, kerosene, coal, wood, and tobacco products, building materials and furnishings as diverse as deteriorated, asbestos-containing insulation, wet or damp carpet, and cabinetry or furniture made of certain pressed wood products ;products for household cleaning and maintenance, personal care, or hobbies; central heating and cooling systems and humidification devices; and outdoor sources such as radon, pesticides and outdoor air pollution.

58 The relative importance of any single source depends on how much of a given pollutant it emits and how hazardous those emissions are. In some cases, factors such as how old the source is and whether it is properly maintained are significant. For example, an improperly adjusted gas stove can emit significantly more carbon monoxide than one that is properly adjusted.

59 Some sources, such as building materials, furnishings, and household products like air fresheners, release pollutants more or less continuously. Other sources, related to activities carried out in the home, release pollutants intermittently. These include smoking, the use of unvented or malfunctioning stoves, furnaces, or space heaters, the use of ozone generating air cleaners/purifiers, the use of solvents in cleaning and hobby activities, the use of paint strippers in redecorating activities, and the use of cleaning products and pesticides in housekeeping. High pollutant concentrations can remain in the air for long periods after some of these activities.

60 If too little outdoor air enters a home, pollutants can accumulate to levels that can pose health and comfort problems. Unless they are built with special mechanical means of ventilation, homes that are designed and constructed to minimize the amount of outdoor air that can "leak" into and out of the home may have higher pollutant levels than other homes. However, because some weather conditions can drastically reduce the amount of outdoor air that enters a home, pollutants can build up even in homes that are normally considered "leaky."

61 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless and toxic gas. Because it is impossible to see, taste or smell the toxic fumes, CO can kill you before you are aware it is in your home. At lower levels of exposure, CO causes mild effects that are often mistaken for the flu. These symptoms include headaches, dizziness, disorientation, nausea and fatigue. The effects of CO exposure can vary greatly from person to person depending on age, overall health and the concentration and length of exposure.

62 Sources of Carbon Monoxide Unvented kerosene and gas space heaters; leaking chimneys and furnaces; back-drafting from furnaces, gas water heaters, wood stoves, and fireplaces; gas stoves; generators and other gasoline powered equipment; automobile exhaust from attached garages; and tobacco smoke. Incomplete oxidation during combustion in gas ranges and unvented gas or kerosene heaters may cause high concentrations of CO in indoor air. Worn or poorly adjusted and maintained combustion devices (e.g., boilers, furnaces) can be significant sources, or if the flue is improperly sized, blocked, disconnected, or is leaking. Auto, truck, or bus exhaust from attached garages.

63 Health Effects Associated with Carbon Monoxide At low concentrations CO fatigue in healthy people and chest pain in people with heart disease. At higher concentrations CO impaired vision and coordination; headaches; dizziness; confusion; nausea. Can cause flu-like symptoms that clear up after leaving home. Fatal at very high concentrations. Acute effects are due to the formation of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood, which inhibits oxygen intake. At moderate concentrations, angina, impaired vision, and reduced brain.

64 Levels CO in Homes Admissible concentration of carbon oxide gas in house is 0,002 mg per liter of air. Middle amount of carbon oxide gas in air attached to yellow flame is 0,045 mg per litre of air. Middle amount of carbon oxide gas in air attached to blue flame is 0,001 mg per litre of air.

65 Secondhand Smoke Can Make Children Suffer Serious Health Risks Breathing secondhand smoke can be harmful to children's health including asthma, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), bronchitis and pneumonia and ear infections. Children's exposure to secondhand smoke is responsible for: (1) (1) increases in the number of asthma attacks and severity of symptoms in 200,000 to 1 million children with asthma; (2) (2) between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections (for children under 18 months of age); (3) (3) respiratory tract infections resulting in 7,500 to 15,000 hospitalizations each year. The developing lungs of young children are severely affected by exposure to secondhand smoke for several reasons including that children are still developing physically, have higher breathing rates than adults, and have little control over their indoor environments. Children receiving high doses of secondhand smoke, such as those with smoking mothers, run the greatest risk of damaging health effects.

66 Studies Find Direct Evidence Linking Radon in Homes to Lung Cancer Two recently published studies show definitive evidence of an association between residential radon exposure and lung cancer. Two new studies, a North American study and a European study, both combined data from several previous residential studies. These two new studies go a step beyond earlier findings. They confirm the radon health risks predicted by occupational studies of underground miner’s who breathed radon for a period of years. Early in the debate about radon-related risks, some researchers questioned whether occupational studies could be used to calculate risks from exposure to radon in the home environment. “These findings effectively end any doubts about the risks to Americans of having radon in their homes,” said Tom Kelly, Director of EPA’s Indoor Environments Division. “We know that radon is a carcinogen. This research confirms that breathing low levels of radon can lead to lung cancer.”


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