1. 1 EQ-5D, HUI and SF-36 Of the shelf instruments….

2. 2 Direct valuation

3. 3 …or use validated questionnaires MOBILITY  I have no problems in walking about  I have some problems in walking about  I am confined to bed SELF-CARE  I have no problems with self-care  I have some problems washing or dressing myself  I am unable to wash or dress myself USUAL ACTIVITIES (e.g. work, study, housework family or leisure activities)  I have no problems with performing my usual activities  I have some problems with performing my usual activities  I am unable to perform my usual activities PAIN/DISCOMFORT  I have no pain or discomfort  I have moderate pain or discomfort  I have extreme pain or discomfort ANXIETY/DEPRESSION  I am not anxious or depressed  I am moderately anxious or depressed  I am extremely anxious or depressed

4. 4 Validated questionnaires

5. 5 The Rosser & Kind Index

6. 6 The Rosser & Kind index  One of the oldest valuation  1978: Magnitude estimation  Magnitude estimation  PTO  N = 70: Doctors, nurses, patients and general public  1982: Transformation to “utilities”  1985: High impact article  Williams A. For Debate... Economics of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. British Medical Journal 291: 326-28, 1985.  Survey at the celebration of 25 years of health economics: chosen most influential article on health economics

7. 7 More health states  Criticism on the Rosser & Kind index  Sensitivity (only 30 health states)  The unclear meaning of “distress”  The compression of states in the high values  The involvement of medical personnel  New initiatives  Higher sensitivity (more then 30 states)  More and better defined dimensions  Other valuation techniques Standard Gamble, Time Trade-Off  Values of the general public

8. 8 Validated questionnaires

9. 9 No longer value all states  Impossible to value all health states  If one uses more than 30 health states  Estimated the value of the other health states with statistical techniques  Statistically inferred strategies Regression techniques EuroQol, Quality of Well-Being Scale (QWB)  Explicitly decomposed methods Multi Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) Health Utility Index (HUI)

10. 10 Statistically inferred strategies  Value a sample of states empirically  Extrapolation  Statistical methods, like linear regression  11111 = 1.00  11113 =.70  11112 = ?

11. 11 Statistically inferred strategies  EuroQol  EQ-5D: 5 dimensions of health  245 health states  Quality of Well-Being scale (QWB)  4 dimensions of health  2200 health states plus 22 additional symptoms  SF-36  SF-6D: 6 dimensions of health  18.000 health states

12. 12 Explicitly Decomposed Methods  Value dimensions separately  Between the dimensions  What is the relative value of: Mobility…... 20% Mood…….. 15% Self care.… 24%.  Value the levels  Within the dimensions  What is the relative value of Some problems with walking…… 80% Much problems with walking…... 50% Unable to walk…………………….10%

13. 13 Explicitly Decomposed Methods  Combine values of dimensions and levels with specific assumptions  Multi Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) Mutual utility independence Structural independence

14. 14 Explicitly Decomposed Methods  Health Utilities Index (Mark 2 & 3)  Torrance at McMaster  8 dimensions  Mark 2: 24.000 health states  Mark 3: 972.000 health states  The 15-D  Sintonen H.  15 dimensions  3,052,000,000 health states (3 billion)

15. Exercise EQ-5D: 12311 15 X X X X X

16. Scoring EQ-5D state 12311 16

17. Converting SF-36 into SF-6D 17 X X X X

18. Scoring the SF-6D 18

19. 19 More health states, higher sensitivity ? (1)  EuroQol criticised for low sensitivity  Low number of dimensions Development of EQ-5D plus cognitive dimension  Low number of levels (3) Gab between best and in-between level

20. 20 More health states, higher sensitivity ? (2)  Little published evidence  Sensitivity EQ-5D < SF-36 Compared as profile, not as utility measure  Sensitivity EQ-5D  HUI  Sensitivity  the number of health states  How well maps the classification system the illness?  How valid is the modelling?  How valid is the valuation?

21. 21 More health states, more assumptions  General public values at the most 50 states  The ratios empirical (50) versus extrapolated  Rosser & Kind1:1  EuroQol1:5  QWB1:44  SF-361:180  HUI (Mark III)1:19,400  15D1:610,000,000  What is the critical ratio for a valid validation?

22. 22 SF-36 as utility instrument  Transformed into SF6D  SG  N = 610  Inconsistencies in model  18.000 health states  regression technique stressed to the edge  Floor effect in SF6D

23. 23 Conflicting evidence sensitivity SF-36 Liver transplantation, Longworth et al., 2001

24. 24 EQ-5D  Strong punts  Very sensitive in the low  Measures subjective burden (inside the skin)  Low administrative burden  Many translations  Cheap  Most used QALY questionnaire  Most international validations  Weak points  Only there levels per dimensions  Insensitive in the high regions

25. 25 HUI  Strong punts  Sensitive  Measures objective burden (outside the skin)  Well developed proxy versions  Well developed child versions  Weak points  Expensive

26. 26 SF-6D  Strong punts  Probably sensitive in the high regions  Often already include in trials (SF-36)  Cheap  Many translations  Weak points  Insensitive in the low regions  Only one validation study  Changed Standard Gamble Upwards shift of values

27. 27 Conclusions  More states  better sensitivity  The three leading questionnaires  have different strong and weak points