1. SMART CITIES Application of wireless Technologies Presented by: Harveer Singh |Student Number 7475537 | Instructor : Prof Ivan Stojmenovic 1

2. Contents:  Introduction  Vision and Expectations  Architecture of Smart cities  Machine to Machine Communication  Smart Grids: Applications and Algorithms  Questions and Answers  References 2 Higher Level View Lower Level View

3. Introduction  Concept of transformation from digital to smarter cities came forward at World Summit, 2005  Smart means “digital” and “intelligent”  Transformation to efficient, interactive, engaging, adaptive and flexible as opposed to inflexible, non-functional and mono-lithic structures  Active engagement and management between the cities and citizens around the globe 3

4. Introduction (Continued) …  Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) plays an important role in assigning the standards  Growing Technology and low cost of the communication paves the way towards the smart cities  Components of Smart cities – People, Processes or events, Data and Things, play specific roles and work together to enable our future cities and communities. 4

5. Vision and Expectations Smart Economy : Refers to Smart industries especially in the areas of ICT Penetration of ICT use in Business Financial Promotion Promoting Creativity and Entrepreneurship Internationalization and Business spaces 5

6.  Smart People : An element that provides distinction between smart cities and digital cities Education and Training Human Capital Research and Development  Smart Government: Local public spending on ICT Website Availability Strategic plans to promote e-Government and ICT Online Public services Transparent Governance e-Democracy 6

7. Smart Environment: Security and Trust Culture and Identity Smart Mobility and Smart Living Connectivity and ICT Infrastructure Public internet access e-Health e-Accessibility and e-Inclusion 7

8. Architecture of Smart Cities It provides the Lower level and Technical view of flow of information through wireless technologies in smart cities 8

9. Perception Layer  Lower Layer : It can be depicted that at this point, it provides the same interface like in case of Internet of Things  The main function is to Recognise and perceive the environment; Collecting and capturing information  Make use of Traditional Wireless sensor network (WSN), WSN radio frequency identification (RFID) and controlling element  Wireless technologies in the form of label recognize device, RFID tags, and sensors that makes machine to machine communication (m2m) possible  Have to provide low power, miniaturization and low price aspect 9

10. Network and Transport Layer  The main feature is to convey the instantaneous information from the perception layer between long distances in a efficient and effective manner  It Uses current Mobile tele-communication and Internet backbones.  Involves communication network protocols and integrated network based on internet, that not only provides the typical network layer features but also enhance the competence of information through the intelligent processing of data.  At the lower level of Access Network, it provides end to end unified architecture of the communication, thus supports many technologies like Ethernet, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and Cellular access. 10

11. Application Layer  An application layer is an abstraction layer and thereby, ensures proper functioning of the communication protocols  The main task is to process the data according to particular service associated with it  It provides the deep blending between information technology and different sectors or region  It responds to the requests asked by the perception layer 11

12. Machine to Machine Communication Effective M2M communication is an element that drives the transformation to Smart Cities. Thus, three M2M communication has been identified.  Push Strategy : Device initiates the data forwarding through the M2M gateway to the remote client at regular intervals  Pull Strategy: machine is always connected to the gateway and the transmission is done based on polling. Much effective than the push strategy but inefficient use of the resources  Hybrid Strategy: Uses features of both Push/Pull strategies and receiver is only available on- demand, but it includes additional overhead in data transmission 12

13. Smart Grids : an Example of smart cities A modernized electrical grid that uses analog or digital ICT to gather and act on Information (Behavior of suppliers and consumers) Thereby, improving efficiency, reliability, production and distribution of the electricity. Smart Grid includes number of devices that are exploited with the electrical and electronic devices for the supervision and feedback information of grid A Two-way communication is needed between the remote sites 13

14. Application of Smart Grid  More efficient transmission of electricity  Quick restoration in case of line and base failures.  Efficient and reduced cost for managing the whole system and other utilities  Reduced Peak time demand, and keep the requirements within the threshold.  Flexible and fluid architecture, as customers will be able to track their usage in real-time 14

15. 15  Smart Meter/ Smart Devices: A device that tracks the electricity level and triggers an event if the usage reaches the threshold specified in advance  Home Area Network (HAN): A local network which is connected to a number of smart devices at some local place (home) and analyzes the data gathered from them and responds further to higher layer  Wide Area Network (WAN): It is divided into number of clusters, where each clusters represent each Base Station (BS). It works on protocol defined by 802.22 (Wide Regional Area Network (WRAN)) System Model

16. Algorithms Two algorithms has been proposed at each end : HAN and Centralized Control System.  Multilayer Device Control Algorithm for HAN: It is suitable for communication with in the Personal Area Network. Focusses to provide power and bandwidth savings while transferring the electricity consumption information to control center. It includes communication among smart Meters (SM), Routers (mainly Zigbee routers ZR), ZC (Zigbee controllers) and Smart devices (SD). It sends beacons at regular interval, thereby ensuring that device is active. 16

17.  Control Algorithm for Home Appliances by control Centre in SG: When the electricity is not much enough, CC controls the home appliances according to the priority set by the consumers All the electricity is transferred from the source (via control centre) and distributed to customers through transmission lines. Algorithm provides optimized signalling and data transmission 17

18. HAN There are m ZEDs (Zigbee End devices) controlled through n ZRs (Zigbee Routers) Information is evaluated at each end against their respective threshold values Information/ beacons flows from n ZEDs to ZR, from n ZRs to ZC, from k ZCs to SD (smart Device) Silent mode of individual ZED Silent mode of upper layer devices in HAN obtaining power requirements under a threshold devices 18

19. Control Centre Algorithm  In this system, assume there are M number of base stations, N number of SDs and Q number of ZRs  Suppose power requirement is α and the electricity supplied is β, then the shortage is given by, ζ = α- β  Then, the algorithm tries to switch off the low priority devices in each ZR in a dynamic fashion and continuously checks, whether ζ = α- β reaches zero or not.  PR represents Power reduction and P(Z ijk ) represents power reduction after turning off the (I, j, k) th device 19

20. Questions and Answers I.Why sending beacons is necessary in Home Area Network ? Because then we can differentiate between whether there is no change in the power requirements or the device is failed. i.e. If a higher layer didn’t get response from the lower device, this could be because of the two states: a.There is no change in the power requirements b.The working device is failed. Thus, sending beacons ensures that the functioning of the device and the device is in sleeping mode. 20

21.  How many minimum and maximum number of devices/ appliances can be turned off in order to reduce electrical usage by ζ (difference between the required and available power ), if the devices up to priority level of (L) is allowed to? Suppose, I = number of routers (each router represents a particular home) J= number of Smart Devices K = number of base stations The number of iterations needed will be (I*J*K*L) Thus, the lower limit will be (when I=J=K=L=1), 1 And upper limit when (L = max(L), I = max(I), J= max(J), K= max(K)) max(L)*max(I)*max(J)*max(J) 21

22.  What main processes are required for developing smart cities and communities standards ? Interoperability of solutions i.e. adaptability of solutions to new user requirements and technological change as well as avoidance of entry barriers or vendor lock-in through promoting common meta-data structures and interoperable (open) interfaces instead of proprietary ones; open and consistent data, i.e. making relevant data as widely available as possible – including to third parties for the purpose of applications development – whilst using common, transparent measurement and data collection standards to ensure meaningfulness and comparability of performance/outcome measurements. 22

23. References  [1]. Smart cities: Transforming the 21st century via the creative use of technology, by Arup, pages 2-4, September 2010.  [2]. Smart city and the applications: Kehua Su, Jie Li, Hongbo Fu, Wuhan University, China, 2011  [3]. International study on the situation of ICT, innovation and knowledge in cities, Committee of Digital and Knowledge based cities, Bilbao.  [4]. Smart city and the Applications, Kehua Su, Jie Li, Hongbo Fu, Wuhan university, china, 2011  [5]. Smart cities as an application of Internet of Things: Experience and lessons learnt in Barcelona, Tomas Gea, Josep Paradells, Mariano Lamarca, David Roldan, 2013 23

24.  [6]. M2M communications for Smart City: An Event-Based Architecture; Jiafu Wan, Di Li, Caifeng Zou  [7]. L.Filipponi, A.Vitaletti, G.Landi, V.Memeo, G.Laura, and P.Pucci, “Smart city: an event driven architecture for monitoring public spaces with heterogeneous sensors,” in Proc. of 2010 Fourth Int. Conf. on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM), 2010, pp.281-286.  [8]. Inteligent Control Algorithm for smart grid systems, Tahidul Islam and Insoo Koo, University of Ulsan, s.Korea, 11  [9]. Niyato, D., Xiao, L., Wang, P.: Machine to machine communication for Home energy management system in Smart Grid. IEEE Communications Magazine 49, 53– 59, 2011  [10]. https://www.smartgrid.gov/the_smart_grid, Applications of Smart Grid 24

25. Thank you… 25