1. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 20071 Leaf Spring Review Agenda Leaf spring conditions Mockup testing Planning for the work at P5 Discussion Demonstration (if time permits and there are no communication problems)

2. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 20072 Leaf Spring Conditions Leaf Spring Inspection/Repair Review Joe Howell Dec 19, 2007

3. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 20073 OutlineOutline Leaf spring description Leaf spring bond strength Leaf spring impact on track width Issues with leaf spring removal

4. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 20074 Location of leaf springs Leaf springs are located in a pocket at the ends of the forward pixel rails in the tracker There are 8 leaf springs (4 each on +Z and –Z) 4 in top tracks and 4 in bottom tracks The leaf springs are ~2.5 m from the face of the tracker Leaf Springs are located at the ends of these tracks 388 mm (~15”)

5. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 20075 Leaf spring for front foot Aluminum angle Aluminum angle and carbon fiber spring are bonded as the carbon fiber laminate is cured. The aluminum to carbon fiber joint fails. Carbon Fiber Spring The function of the leaf spring is to push the 8 mm diameter ball of the front feet of the half- cylinders against the inside face of the 9 mm track so that it is consistently registered in the same location The leaf spring is constructed of a carbon fiber spring bonded to an aluminum angle as the carbon fiber laminate is cured. The leaf springs apply a force of about 2.5 kg The leaf springs are glued into the tracker rails in pockets that are machined in the rails

6. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 20076 Leaf spring failure mode Carbon fiber to aluminum angle glue joint has failed and a gap has opened Aluminum angle of the leaf spring assembly glued to a block that simulates the rail The front foot of a service cylinder Painted black block of aluminum machined to simulate geometry of the rails in the tracker Carbon fiber portion of leaf spring assembly

7. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 20077 Extended test of 4 springs 4 leaf springs made at the same time as those installed in the tracker were mounted on a machined aluminum plate that simulated the geometry of the rail groove The leaf springs were deflected with 8 mm diameter balls placed in a freezer (-25C). Over a 7 month period the leaf springs were inspected monthly and allowed to warm to room temperature before returning to the freezer 2 springs failed completely within 1 month Only one spring is still attached but with a large gap in the original glue joint

8. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 20078 Leaf spring installation problem On the -Z side the gap at the springs varies from 8.3 mm to 8.0 mm. A 8 mm ball (foot on half- cylinder) will pass by all 4 springs. On the +Z side the gap at the spring varies from 8.3 mm to less than 8.0 mm and a 8 mm ball will not pass by one of the springs These surfaces are not flush as intended

9. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 20079 Reasons for considering removing the leaf springs Primary Reason The bond between the carbon fiber portion of the leaf spring and the aluminum angle is weak and is likely to fail under load sooner or later When the leaf spring fails the half cylinder alignment will change by ~ 1 mm If a top spring fails it may fall and hit the disks (wire bonds) There is a small chance that any loose spring may be cause an obstruction in the tracks for the forward pixel or barrel Any future work on the leaf springs after the beam pipe is installed and the detector has operated will be very difficult. Secondary Reason The leaf springs were installed in a way that obstructs most of the clearance between the ball of the half-cylinder front foot and the anchor point of the spring. (One spring has no clearance and the ball cannot pass by the spring anchor point) With only 0.3 mm maximum clearance, reinforcing the leaf spring attachment is not a reliable option The carbon fiber leaf is ~ 1mm thick and removing that portion should allow the front foot to pass at the one location where it is now obstructed If we knew the leaf would not fall off we would most likely grind one side of the ball on the one front foot at the obstructed location

10. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200710 Issues with removing the leaf springs Access and visibility or limited The leaf springs are located ~2.5 m from the face of the tracker The top and bottom rails are only 38.8 cm apart The rails can not support large loads like the weight of a person Very limited natural light and low contrast with carbon rails Features on the scale of 1 mm or less in size may be important to see The bond strength of all of the glue attachments is not known The bond of the carbon fiber leaf to the aluminum angle is not very strong If this were the only attachment of the leaf spring then removal would be relatively easy The bond of the aluminum angle to the rail is much stronger. (We would not try to remove the aluminum angle) If the glue used to bond the aluminum angle to the rail has squeezed on to the carbon fiber leaf the attachment of the carbon fiber leaf may be significantly stronger Logistics are a problem Very limited access to the tracker There is no time to iterate while working on the tracker, need to be prepared for all contingencies

11. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200711 Leaf Spring Strategy The bond strength of all of the glue attachments is not known The bond of the carbon fiber leaf to the aluminum angle is weak but … If the glue used to bond the aluminum angle to the rail has squeezed on to the carbon fiber leaf the attachment of the carbon fiber leaf may be significantly stronger Need to inspect the glue attachment to try to determine if glue has squeezed on to the carbon fiber leaf making it hard to remove If glue bonding the aluminum angle in place has not squeezed on to the carbon fiber leaf then removal of the leaf should be relatively easy A leaf spring that would be hard to remove does not need to be removed We would not try to remove the aluminum angle

12. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200712 Mockup Testing Leaf Spring Inspection/Repair Review Joe Howell Dec 19, 2007

13. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200713 OutlineOutline Mockup Description Camera setup and inspection cart Leaf spring photography Leaf spring removal testing Additional work

14. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200714 Tracker Inner bore mockup 2 Back PVC sheets with rail grooves Most restrictive area is the center support barrel Black felt cloth used to block light Removable block for mounting leaf springs Black PVC sheets with track grooves machined Adding beam pipe support arms now

15. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200715 Center support barrel The tracker mockup (with cart inside) Photo of tracker inner bore taken July07 Aluminum block to simulate beam pipe support pulley

16. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200716 Inspection Cart Cart rolls on rubber wheels and is pushed in by hand Cart holds camera and tool support Many wires are bundled on the cart Cart has clearance to pass over beam pipe support

17. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200717 Still Camera Setup Camera Motorized camera mount LEDs Leaf springs 12Mp still camera controlled by computer through USB cable Motorized camera pan and tilt mount LED light array Several wires USB cables for camera and mount DC power cable for camera LED wires

18. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200718 Laptop Desktop View

19. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200719 Digital zoom of still photo Epoxy (Araldite 2011) used to bond springs into tracks is visible Various combinations of LED lights, camera flash and viewing angles are used to inspect for additional epoxy on springs

20. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200720 Removal tool setup Pulley to support end of rod End of long rod for spring removal tool (tool will be mounted on the end of rod) 2.5 M long carbon fiber rod with tools on end Simple tool used to peel carbon fiber leaf from aluminum angle by wedging a pin in the gap between leaf and the side of groove Removing an upper leaf is moderately more difficult than a lower leaf spring. A pulley is used to support the rod near the working end for upper spring removal Work observed with camera “viewfinder”

21. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200721 Leaf detachment sequence

22. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200722 Notes on leaf detachment Three leaf springs detached so far have peeled away from aluminum as expected One spring tested was in the upper position and was not significantly more difficult Force to peel the leaf away has a significant variation across the 3 samples. This is a qualitative judgment. The force exceeded the 2kg capacity of the force gauge in hand The force required for the initial peel has been less than the force required for final separation. The aluminum angle has not separated No observable “debris” from glue joint 5 more springs made at the same time as the original installed leaf springs are available to test.

23. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200723 Additional Work Complete LED holding clamps Make additional rods and tools ends for sweeping or gripping loose leaves Add polyethylene tape to metal parts of tools where possible and radius all edges to prevent scrapping Complete testing of 5 remaining springs and practice with some additional new springs Check out vacuum cleaning and wet wiping of any debris Add a USB extender for motorized mount. (It is at the cable length limit without much slack between the tracker and the laptop Replace English unit frame cart with Bosch metric (30 mm) Measure time required for setup and inspection and removal operations Check out power conversion equipment Consider backups for critical items (camera, motorized mount)

24. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200724 Planning for work at P5 Leaf Spring Inspection/Repair Review Joe Howell Dec 19, 2007

25. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200725 TopicsTopics Mockup features (anything missing ?) Support platform Time required Training Schedule (when ?)

26. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200726 Support platform ? ? Need additional information on the Surkov frame and the extensions. Need to understand how close to the tracker face one can stand and the distance a support platform is from the beam centerline. Is outlet power available near the tracker ?

27. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200727 Time Required Leaf Spring Inspection Estimate 2 hours of setup (2 hours on first side and 1 hour on the other side) 2 hours of time to photograph per side It could be possible to photograph all springs from one side if there is a significant scheduling advantage Ideally there could be at least a one to two day gap after photographing the springs to reach a conclusion on whether to remove them or not Leaf Spring Removal Estimate 1 hour of setup per side 2 to 4 hours of time for removal per side

28. Pixel Leaf Spring Review, Dec 19, 200728 DiscussionDiscussion Training required ? Scheduling the task Next steps ?