1. New Zealand’s Search for Security
NCEA Level 1

2. Introduction
New Zealand’s post- Second World War foreign policy included being involved with the United Nations, ANZUS and SEATO.
NZ’s foreign policy, since 1970, became more independent shaped by both internal and external influences.

3. World War II 3 September 1939, PM Michael
Joseph Savage declared war on Germany
June 1940 Curchill advised NZ that Britain could not match Japanese agression
December 1941 Japanese forces attacked Pearl harbour
15 February 1942 Singapore fell to Japan
NZ looked to the USA

4. March 1942 An American division was sent to NZ
100,000 US servicemen spent leave in NZ during WWII.
1944 NZ and Australia signed Canberra Pact

5. Canberra Pact signed to: consult on areas of mutual interest
Oppose placement of military installations in the region
Support the principle of Trusteeship
Set up a Regional Commission to advance economic, political and social development of the region.

6. Post-1945 26 June 1945, 51 countries signed UN charter.
Peter Fraser continued principle of collective security.
Unsuccessfully opposed veto of UN security council.
NZ made free and independent state with Statute of Westminster 1947.

7. Commonwealth 49 members joined Former British dominions and colonies
South Africa left.
Defence, friendship and trade purposes

8. Military Alliances
1. ANZUS
2. SEATO
3. ANZAM/AMDA

9. ANZUS Signed 1951 between US, Australia and NZ
John Dulles signed for US, P. Spender for Australia and Carl Berendsen for NZ
To: maintain and develop resources to strengthen ability to resist attack
Consult if partner threatened in Pacific
Act to meet a common danger in accordance with each members constitutional processes.
Recognised foreign policy shift from Britain to USA

10. SEATO South East Asia Treaty Organisation signed Manila Pac 1951.
To meet growing threat of communism in SE Asia.
United States afraid of ‘Domino Theory’.
China and North Korea had become communist
Broader security arrangement than ANZUS

11. SEATO India, Indonesia and Malaysia never joined
Weakened further when Britain withdrew in 1969
Pakistan withdrew 1973
France withdrew 1974
Phased out by 1975

12. ANZAM/AMDA
Australia, NZ, and Malaya also incl British forces in area.
Defence arrangement not a treaty
Commonwealth Strategic Reserve in Malaya used against communists in the Malaya ‘emergency’. And confrontation against Indonesia in
Revised to AMDA in 1975 when Malaysia became independent.
Australia and NZ withdrew 1980 except NZ troops in Singapore.

13. Asia NZ changed focus from Europe to Asia post war Closer ties with US
Korea
Laos
Malaya/Malaysia
Vietnam

14. Korea July 1950 NZ sent troops to assist UN.
2 Frigates and 2000 volunteer troops
Served in Commonwealth Brigade
Fulfilled oblifgations to UN and also developed friendship with USA

15. Laos Pro-communist uprising in 1959 Laos government appealed to UN
1962 SEATO became involved incl NZ
Fall of South Vietnam led to Pathet Lao gaining control in Laos

16. Malaya/Malaysia
1955 NZ troops deployed as part of Commonwealth Strategic Reserve Forces (CSRF) in Malaya
Fought communists during emergency
Further threat from Indonesia.
Sukarno objected to creation of Federatiion of Malaysia and became confrontational.
CSRF met threat until ceased in 1965.

17. Anti-war meeting poster
Vietnam
1962 Medical team to Vietnam
non-combat engineers
1965 Artillery battalion to support Australia
3,500 total commitment over time.
Holyoake justified it as SEATO commitment.
1960 protests.
1972 December troops withdrawn by Kirk
35 killed, 187 wounded
Anti-war meeting poster

18. NZ and the Pacific Western Samoa Cook Islands Niue, Nauru, Tokelau
South Pacific Commission
South Pacific Forum

19. Western Samoa NZ gained Western Samoa under League of Nations
1947 Western Samoa established parliament
1961 voted for independence
1962 became independent but maintained links with NZ

20. Cook Islands Administered by NZ since 1901
August 1965 became self-governing
Open access to NZ

21. Niue, Nauru, Tokelau
Niue independent in 1974, NZ responsibility for defence and foreign policy. Niue citizens are NZ citizens.
Nauru. Adminstered by NZ, Australia and Britain until independence in 1968.
Tokelau – still under NZ administration with islanders preferring this position.

22. South Pacific Commission & South Pacific Forum
South Pacific Commission came out of Canberra Pact of 1944 and established 1947.
Comprises representatives 27 countries.
Promoted economic and social progress
South Pacific Forum – established Trade, shipping and investment.

23.
Promoted policy of social and economic progress through aid programmes
Bilateral aid direct between countries. Multilateral aid through third party such as Red Cross.
Most aid focused on commonwealth countries then changed to ASEAN countries.
Debate over whether the amount of aid is enough.

24. Foreign Policy since 1970 Nuclear debate Nuclear Testing in Pacific
‘Rainbow Warrior’
Nuclear Free NZ
Rugby and Politics

25. Nuclear debate Frequent testing of nuclear
weapons in South Pacific since 1945
Bikini – Woomera – Christmas Island – Lop Nor and Nagch – Nevada – Mururoa Atoll
NZ protested against this testing
1963 Britain and USA and USSR signed treaty against testing of nuclear weapons in atmosphere.
France, China and India refused to sign

26. Nuclear Testing in Pacific
France used Mururoa Atoll as nuclear test site throughout 1970s.
1972 Greenpeace vessels sailed into the region
1973 NZ took France to Internatonal Court of Justice and won.
France ignored order and continued.
NZ sent Cabinet Ministers and frigates to test area.
France moved testing underground.

27. ‘Rainbow Warrior’
10 July 1985 Greenpeace flagship Rainbow Warrior was sunk at Marsden Wharf, Auckland.
Fernando Periera was killed.
French Government planned the attack.
24 July 1985 two French secret agents were arrested and charged.
France boycotted NZ exports
UN Secretary General was asked to mediate and he released the agents and France paid NZ compensation.

28. Nuclear Free NZ Joint Military exercises held untl 1984.
Nuclear powered vessels visited NZ until election of Labour Government – stopped visits.
US declared ANZUS no longer workable.
NZ was excluded from ANZUS Council in August 1986
NZ’s staus was downgraded by the US.

29. Rugby and Politics
1960 protests in NZ against South Africa’s apartheid policy
1968 UN called for boycott of SA
1970 Rugby team of ‘Honorary Whites’ sent to SA

30. Rugby and Politics cont’d
1973 Rugby tour postponed
1975 National supported sporting
ties and in 1976 Rugby union accepted invitation
1977 Gleneagles Agreement adopted by commonwealth.
Despite Gleneafgles a Springbok tour of NZ was scheduled for 1981.
Major protests took place and NZrs were bitterly divided.
Police and protesters clashed.

31. Conclusion Increased independence and sovereignty since 1945
Less reliance on Britain and looked to USA
Non-nuclear emphasis
Looked to Asia and South Pacific

32. Bibliography
Webb, Fountain, Hasler, Hearn-Rollo, Jarman, Lidstone, (2004), New Zealand’s search for Security 1945 – 1985, Auckland: ESA Publications. pp