1. IMMUNOGLOBULIN IMAGES

2. Dr Frederick Banting was a Canadian doctor who was awarded a Nobel Prize for discovering insulin with Professor John Macleod. Credit: Wellcome Library, London Antibody

3. Monoclonal antibodies target a specific antigen and are derived from the same cell and grown in a clonal population. Polyclonal antibodies are derived from a mix of antibodies and, therefore, can bind to multiple antigens. In this image the antigens are depicted as gold rings and the binding site of the monoclonal antibodies are gold clefts in the Y-shaped antibody structure. Credit: Anna Tanczos, Wellcome Images BIGPICTUREEDUCATION.COM Monoclonal antibodies

4. This image shows two frog IgM antibody molecules. Each molecule contains six Y-shaped subunits analogous to IgG molecules that are held together in a star shape. Each IgM is approximately 30 nm in diameter. Credit: R Dourmashkin, Wellcome Images BIGPICTUREEDUCATION.COM Frog IgM antibodies

5. This image shows isolated immunoglobulin M (IgM) molecules showing the radial arrangement of the subunits. In mammals there are five Y-shaped subunits analogous to single IgG molecules. IgM is expressed in response to antigenic stimulation in the early stage of an infection, whereas IgG is expressed later. The presence of IgM is important in diagnosing the early stage of an infection. Multiple myeloma in humans produces large amounts of IgM protein. Credit: R Dourmashkin, Wellcome Images BIGPICTUREEDUCATION.COM Immunoglobulin M antibody molecules

6. Fab (fragment antigen-binding) fragments of antibodies are produced when antibody molecules are cleaved with proteolytic enzymes. The action of papain produces an Fc fragment, so called because it readily crystallises. This model shows a ribbon diagram of an immunoglobulin Fc fragment and fragment B of protein A complex. Credit: T Blundell and N Campillo, Wellcome Images BIGPICTUREEDUCATION.COM Immunoglobulin Fc and fragment B of protein A

7. A transmission electron micrograph showing collagen fibrils exhibiting focal swelling and loss of periodic cross-banding in the trabecular meshwork of a person with glaucoma. The trabecular meshwork is the structure through which the aqueous humour in the anterior chamber drains into Schlemm’s canal. The obstruction of this process may represent a mechanism by which the intraocular pressure is raised in glaucoma. The proteoglycans that are normally attached to the collagen fibrils have become detached and are seen as small short filaments. The intact fibrils are approximately 120 nm in diameter. Credit: Rob Young, Wellcome Images BIGPICTUREEDUCATION.COM Antibody structure diagram

8. Edward Jenner was an English doctor who pioneered the smallpox vaccine. He is pictured here vaccinating a child held by its mother. Credit: Wellcome Library, London BIGPICTUREEDUCATION.COM Edward Jenner vaccinating a young child

9. Printed for Edward Jenner by Sampson Low, and sold by the bookseller Law, 1798. Credit: Wellcome Library, London BIGPICTUREEDUCATION.COM ‘An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccine’

10. A patient in bed with smallpox, attended by a physician. Credit: Wellcome Library, London BIGPICTUREEDUCATION.COM Poster of patient with smallpox

11. This image shows micron-scale needles (microneedles) in a patch, formed out of a biodegradable polymer, held by tweezers. Researchers have shown these materials to be useful in painlessly and safely penetrating the outer layers of the skin for the delivery of vaccines and therapeutics. By optimising needle height, base diameter and tip diameter, researchers have designed a platform capable of delivering vaccine components and other therapeutics to immune-competent cells in the skin, while eliminating the risk of blood-borne pathogen transmission and rendering potential vaccine delivery painless. Credit: Peter DeMuth, Wellcome Images BIGPICTUREEDUCATION.COM Microneedle vaccine patch with tweezers

12. This image shows micron-scale needles (microneedles) formed out of a biodegradable polymer. Researchers have shown these materials to be useful in painlessly and safely penetrating the outer layers of the skin for the delivery of vaccines and therapeutics. The scale bar (black) represents 0.5 mm. Credit: Peter DeMuth, Wellcome Images BIGPICTUREEDUCATION.COM Microneedle vaccine patch

13. Human skin contains many layers, including the epidermis and the dermis. This image of the dermis layer of skin shows fibroblasts and thick collagen bundles (connective tissue). Credit: Ivor Mason, Wellcome Images BIGPICTUREEDUCATION.COM Normal spleen showing B cells and T cells

14. Reusing our images Images and illustrations All images, unless otherwise indicated, are from Wellcome Images. Contemporary images are free to use for educational purposes (they have a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No derivatives licence). Please make sure you credit them as we have done on the site; the format is ‘Creator’s name, Wellcome Images’.Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No derivatives licence Historical images have a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence: they’re free to use in any way as long as they’re credited to ‘Wellcome Library, London’.Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence Flickr images that we have used have a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence, meaning we – and you – are free to use in any way as long as the original owner is credited.Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence Cartoon illustrations are © Glen McBeth. We commission Glen to produce these illustrations for ‘Big Picture’. He is happy for teachers and students to use his illustrations in a classroom setting, but for other uses, permission must be sought. We source other images from photo libraries such as Science Photo Library, Corbis and iStock and will acknowledge in an image’s credit if this is the case. We do not hold the rights to these images, so if you would like to reproduce them, you will need to contact the photo library directly. If you’re unsure about whether you can use or republish a piece of content, just get in touch with us at bigpicture@wellcome.ac.uk.bigpicture@wellcome.ac.uk