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~Contributions to Education Deborah McCallum

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1 ~Contributions to Education Deborah McCallum
John Dewey ~Contributions to Education Deborah McCallum

2 Who Was He? Philosopher, Activist, Educational Reformer
Philosopher of Pragmatism Major Voice in Progressive Education Best known for his publications in Education Believed in Child-Centered Education References:

3 Dewey’s Pedagogical Creed
True education only comes from stimulating a child’s natural powers through social situations Individuals gradually become educated to share in the intellectual and moral resources collaboratively achieved by humanity Formal education can only organize this education, or differentiate it in a particular direction for students Children have their own instincts and tendencies, however we will not understand these until we see them played out in social situations We can look at the instincts and tendencies as they relate to a social past, or project them to the future to consider outcomes

4 Moral Philosophy Belief in using reflective intelligence to revise one’s judgments in light of consequences acting on them We test our judgments by putting them into practice and seeing the results, then we determine if the results are satisfactory to us Will the results enable successful problem solving for novel situations in the future?

5 Education for Democratic Society
Purpose of Education is to help people become effective members of a democratic society Education should provide experiences to help students become valued, equal and responsible members of society Total freedom does not work either Learning must be structured Education needs to be designed on Theory of Experience Therefore we must understand the nature of human beings to design appropriate curriculum Interaction & Continuity to help students navigate their past experiences to adapt to new learning situation

6 Progressivism & Pragmatism
Humans require social interaction to learn Education is not an end to itself, but rather a process to develop skills through experience Memorization does not mean that learning has occurred Ideas are socially constructed Ideas become the tools that we can use to model, predict and determine experience Knowledge arises from active participation in the environment.

7 Progressive Education
Progressive Education vital to democracy Premium on meaningful activity in learning and participating in classroom democracy Active learning helps people develop the ability and motivation to think critically about the world Educating students to think for themselves Help protect society from dictatorship Curriculum needs to be relevant to student’s lives

8 How We Think 5 Different Steps of the Reasoning Process:
When a person’s habitual patterns are disturbed, he or she will continue to act to resolve situation. If belief is unsuccessful, intellection must occur. Extract important elements of situation and formulate it as a problem-solving exercise. Brainstorm, hypothesize, come up with possible solutions. Weigh the possibilities. Test or experiment. Eliminate hypotheses.

9 Transfer of Learning

10 Quotes from ‘How We Think’
We all jump to conclusions; we all fail to examine and test our ideas because of our personal attitudes. ~ John Dewey, How We Think [Open-mindedness] includes an active desire to listen to more sides than one; to give heed to facts from whatever source they come; to give full attention to alternative possibilities; to recognize the possibility of error even in the beliefs that are dearest to us. ~ John Dewey, How We Think When a person is absorbed, the subject carries him on. ~ John Dewey, How We Think It requires troublesome work to undertake the alteration of old beliefs. ~ John Dewey, How We Think A genuine enthusiasm is an attitude that operates as an intellectual force. ~ John Dewey, How We Think Intellectual responsibility secures integrity; that is to say, consistency and harmony in belief. ~ John Dewey, How We Think

11 Why do Students Hate School?
Students are negatively impacted when schooling is authoritarian, does not differentiate, and does not regard students as valued and equal members of society Each person is different in terms of genetics and past life experiences Different qualities of experiences will arise from interaction with standard curriculum Teaching and curriculum must be designed to allow for differences The one way authoritarian schooling does not provide for success in a democratic society, and affects student enjoyment of school Lack of opportunities for experiences in school that allow students to feel valued, equal and responsible members of society

12 Using Dewey in your own Program
Ideas for your own program: Quoted Directly from Scholastic.com: You can exercise Dewey's approach to learning in your own program by: Starting each day by gathering children for a group meeting, where the development of language skills is an inevitable outcome. Planning cooking activities in which children learn important math skills in the process. Taking a nature walk for a hands-on exploration of important science concepts.

13 References References
Anderson, E. (2014). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 02 01, 2015, from Dewey's Moral Philosophy: College, Y. G. (n.d.). Retrieved from Infed: Essential Life Skills .Net. (n.d.). John Dewey ( ). Retrieved 02 02, 2015, from Essential Life Skills .Net: John Dewey. (n.d.). Retrieved 02 05, 2015, from Learning Theories ETC547 Spring 2011: John Dewey, the Modern Father of Experiential Education. (2005, 01 26). Retrieved 02 04, 2015, from Outdoor Education Research and Evaluation Center: PBS. (n.d.). Only A Teacher: Schoolhouse Pioneers. Retrieved 02 03, 2015, from John Dewey ( : Philosophical and Psychological Foundations of Education. (n.d.). Retrieved 02 03, 2015, from Philosophical Insights from John Dewey:

14 References References Continued
Scholastic Inc. (2015). Teachers. Retrieved 02 08, 2015, from Pioneers in our field: John Dewey - Father of Pragmatism: Spartacus Educational. ( ). Retrieved 02 08, 2015, from John Dewey: Westbrook, R. B. (n.d.). John Dewey. Retrieved from WikiMedia Commons. (n.d.). WikiMedia Commons. Retrieved from Wikipedia. (2015, February 3). John Dewey. Retrieved from


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