1. Beginning with a History of Geology

2. 1. Catastrophism 1. Earth was shaped by dramatic events called catastrophes 2. Like MASSIVE earthquakes, floods, and volcanoes 2. Uniformitarianism 1. Proposed by JAMES HUTTON (hint!) in 1788 2. That the earth was formed an operates on the same principles that we see today. 3. Supported by CHARLES LYELL in 1833 in his books “Principles of Geology”

3. Mixture of the two, yes most of the time it is very gradual and constant but there can be sudden changes Combine this with Paleontology, those who study the fossils of long gone organisms and we start to get a complete picture

4. Geologists try to determine the order in which events have happened during Earth’s history. They rely on rocks and fossils to help them in their investigation. Relative dating The process of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than other events or objects.

5. Layers of sedimentary rock, such as the ones shown below, are stacked like pancakes. As you move from the top to the bottom in layers of sedimentary rock, the lower layers are older. Superposition Principle that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks, if the layers have not been disturbed.

6. Disturbing Forces Not all rock sequences are arranged with the oldest layers on the bottom and the youngest layers on top. Some rock sequences have been disturbed by forces within the Earth. These forces can: Push other rocks into a sequence Tilt or fold rock layers Break sequences into moveable parts.

7. Geologic Column an ideal sequence of rock layers that contains all the known fossils and rock formations on Earth, arranged from oldest to youngest. Geologists use the geologic column to: 1. Interpret rock sequences 2. Identify the layers in puzzling rock sequences.

9. Geologists often find features that cut across existing layers of rock. assign relative ages to the features and the layers. The features must be younger than the rock layers because the rock layers had to be present before the features could cut across them. fault intrusion

10. Events That Disturb Rock Layers Geologists assume that the way sediment is deposited to form rock layers — in horizontal layers — has not changed over time. If rock layers are not horizontal something must have disturbed them after they formed. Four ways that rock layers may become disturbed. 1. A fault break in the Earth’s crust along which blocks of the crust slide relative to one another. 2. An intrusion molten rock from the Earth’s interior that squeezes into existing rock and cools.

11. 3. Folding occurs when rock layers bend and buckle from Earth’s internal forces. 4. Tilting occurs when internal forces in the Earth slant rock layers.

12. Missing Evidence Sometimes, layers of rock are missing, creating a gap in the geologic record. Unconformity break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time.

13. Most unconformities form by both erosion and nondeposition, but other factors may be involved. Geologists place them into three major categories: 1. Disconformities 2. Nonconformities 3. Angular unconformities Disconformities exist where part of a sequence of parallel rock layers is missing.

14. Nonconformities exist where sedimentary rock layers lie on top of an eroded surface of nonlayered igneous or metamorphic rock. Angular Unconformities exist between horizontal rock layers and rock layers that are tilted or folded.

15. Rock-layer sequences often have been affected by more than one geological event or feature. For example, intrusions may squeeze into rock layers that contain an unconformity Determining the order events is like solving a jigsaw puzzle. piece together the history of the Earth.