1. COMMERCIAL BROILERS 1

2. SIMILAR BASIC REQUIREMENTS …FOR… BROODING NUTRITION HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT 2

3. Brooding 3

4. ALL THE BIRD’S BODY SYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPING 4

5. 1-DAY OLD BROILER CHICK RESIDUAL YOLK IMMATURE DIGESTIVE TRACT 5

6. HATCH 1 WEEK OF AGE TOTAL MASS IS 4 FOLD GREATER THAN REST OF BODY Gut development 6

7. DURING EMBRYOGENESIS THE DIGESTIVE TRACT DEVELOPS BEFORE THE BRAIN 7

8. COMMERCIAL SCALE BROODING 8

9. SMALL SCALE BROODING 9

10. BROODING UNITS LAMP-TYPE BROODER 10

11. BROODING BROODING HEAT SOURCES 11

12. BROODING UNITS 12

13. THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINE IF THE CHICKS ARE COMFORTABLE IN THE BROODER ? 13

14. BROODING THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE 14

15. BODY WEIGHT AGE 1000 HOURS MOST CRITICAL PERIOD 42 DAYS TODAY’S MEAT-TYPE BIRDS GROW VERY RAPIDLY 15

16. ….FACT…. WHEN FEED INTAKE DECLINES GUT DEVELOPMENT DECLINES Gut development 16

17. Crop fill 17

18. 18

19. IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT NUTRITION IS FIXED NUTRITION IS NOT FIXED 19

20. NUTRITIONALLY SPEAKING WHAT ARE THE ONLY SIX THINGS CHICKENS NEED ? 20

21. SIX MAJOR NUTRIENTS CARBOHYDRATE LIPID PROTEIN VITAMINS MINERALS WATER 21

22. VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF NUTRITION TO REMEMBER …..ENERGY IS NOT A NUTRIENT….. IT IS A “PROPERTY” OF THREE NUTRIENTS CARBOHYDRATE LIPID PROTEIN 22

23. VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF POULTRY NUTRITION TO REMEMBER MOST POULTRY EAT THE AMOUNT OF FEED THEY NEED IN ORDER TO MEET AN ENERGY REQUIREMENT 23

24. IMPORTANT FACT TO REMEMBER …TODAY… FEED COSTS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY 75% OF THE TOTAL COST OF PRODUCING MEAT AND EGGS 24

25. “CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION” 1) USE THE CORRECT FEED FOR EACH AGE & BIRD TYPE STARTERGROWERFINISHERLAYER “General Nutrition” 25

26. 26

27. GIZZARD & PROVENTRICULUS (VENTRICULUS) 27

28. KOILIN LINING 28

29. KOILIN LINING OF GIZZARD GROOVES 29

30. GRIT FED FOR ONLY ONE PURPOSE NOT NECESSARY IF MASH OR PELLETS ARE FED ALONE 30

31. KOILIN LAYER GIZZARD GRIT 31

32. HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK ? 32

33. BROILER AGE AND WATER CONSUMPTION BODY WEIGHT 33

34. DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION DAYS OF AGE X 6 ML “BROILERS” (UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS) 34

35. 35

36. of Diseases of Poultry 36

37. 37

38. Newcastle diseases Virus (ND/Ranikhet ) 38

39. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) A type strain for avian paramyxoviruses. Members of this family have a single stranded, linear, RNA, with an elliptical symmetry. The total genome is roughly 16,000 nucleotides. Replication of the virus takes place in the cytoplasm of the host cell. This family also includes important viruses such as mumps, human parainfluenza, sendai, simian virus-5 and recently emerged nipah and hendra viruses. NDV particle 39

40. Newcastle Disease (ND) ND is caused by Newcastle disease virus A disease with high infectivity. Mortality rate is extremely high in chicken. Depending on the virus strain responsible. Practically, all avian species can be affected. 40

41. Clinical symptoms of ND Sudden death with few clinical signs Respiratory symptoms Nervous signs Loss of appetite, depression, and lethargy Dark greenish diarrhea Decreased egg production There is a marked hemorrhage of the comb, wattle, and adjacent skin. 41

42. Newcastle disease 42

43. Newcastle disease 43

44. Newcastle disease 44

45. Newcastle disease 45

46. Newcastle disease 46

47. Newcastle disease 47

48. Newcastle disease 48

49. Zoonotic importance  Newcastle disease Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is highly contagious.  Transmission occurs by exposure to faecal and other excretions from infected birds, and through contact with contaminated feed, water, equipment and clothing.  Exposure of humans to infected birds can cause mild influenza- like symptoms and conjunctivitis, an abnormal eye discharge due to inflammation of the membrane lining the inside of the eyelid.  The infection can also cause nasal discharge, sneezing, and pneumonia. Left untreated, the infection tends to become chronic, lasting weeks or months. 49

50. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) 50

51. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) NDV strains can be classfied into 3 pathotypes Velogenic strains Mesogenic strains Lentogenic strains (vaccine) Wild or free-living birds (waterfowls) play a role in the spread of NDV Several outbreaks in many countries 51

52. Transmission of NDV from wild birds 52

53. The NDV genome NDV has a single stranded negative-sense RNA genome, which is approximately15 kb long. The genomic RNA contains six genes encoding at least eight proteins. The nucleoprotein(NP), the phosphoprotein (P), and the large polymerase protein (L) form the nucleocapsid. The haemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) and fusion protein (F) anchored in the lipid bilayer of membrane in the external envelope,while inner layer of the virion envelope is formed by the matrix protein (M). The two additional non structural proteins, V and W are formed by the RNA editing process during P gene transcription. 53

54. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) 8 genotypes of NDV strains can be isolated from the field 54

55. Diagnosis Viurs isolation using embryonated eggs or tissue cultures (chicken kidney cells) HA test and HI test using the NDV-specific antiserum Pathogenicity test 10-day-old embryo 1-day-old chick or nucleotide sequencing of the F gene Detection of the NDV genome 55

56. Detection methods of the NDV genome RT-PCR, RT-nested PCR (conventional, NP, F, HA, M) Real-time PCR (F, differentiation of genotypes) Multiplex PCR (NP, F, differentiation of genotypes) LAMP 56

57. NDV & Cancer NDV selectively replicates in tumour cells and induces death while sparing normal cells. Due to this property, NDV has been exploited as a potential anti-cancer agent in humans. Based on the mechanism by which oncolysis is achieved, NDV has been classified as lytic or non lytic strains for mammalian cells. Lytic strains cause lysis of target cells by inducing changes in the plasma membrane including syncytia formation. These include 73-T31, MTH-68/H32, PV 70133, etc. Non lytic strains cause tumour regression slowly by disrupting normal host cell metabolism. This includes most commonly investigated Ulster strain. Both strains replicate efficiently in tumour cells and have been investigated as anti-cancer agents. 57

58. Mechanisms of NDV-induced oncolysis First, lytic strains of the virus may simply kill the tumour cells directly and were found effective in preventing tumours from further spread. Secondly, for non lytic strains, the viral proteins inserted on to tumour cell membrane after infection may enhance an immune response. Finally, the virus itself may stimulate the host to produce effector cytokines such as interferons (IFN-γ) or TNF which activate (NK) cells, macrophages and sensitized T-cells. NDV also augments the expression of induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in infected cells. 58

59. Mechanisms of NDV-induced oncolysis There are reports that NDV induces NFκB and up regulates the expression of MHC I genes. NDV induces caspase dependent apoptosis in cancerous cells by both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. It was also found that NDV induces apoptosis by up regulating the expression of pro-apoptotic p53 and Bax and down regulating the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression in target cells. 59

60. Broad spectrum antitumour activity of NDV Tumours of epithelial origin (carcinomas including breast, lung, prostate and colon). Neuroectodermal (melanomas, glioblastmas & neuroblastomas) Mesenchymal origin (sarcomas). 60

61. ClinicalTrials.gov A service of U.S National institutes of health Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) for Cancer Patients Resistant to Conventional Anti-Cancer Modalities This study is currently recruiting participants. Verified by Hadassah Medical Organization, February 2006 ConditionInterventionPhase Metastatic CancerProcedure: Newcastle VirusPhase II 61

62. ClinicalTrials.gov A service of U.S National institutes of health New Castle Disease Virus (NDV) in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), Sarcoma and Neuroblastoma This study is not yet open for participants recruitment. Verified by Hadassah Medical Organization, August 2010 ConditionInterventionPhase Glioblastoma Sarcoma Neuroblastoma Biological: New Castle Disease Virus Phase I Phase II 62

63. Phase I/II Trial of Intravenous NDV-HUJ Oncolytic Virus in Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme Radiology, and Gaffin Center for Neuro-Oncology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel (2009) Complete tumor response. (A) Patient 09 at baseline, (B) stable disease at first follow-up, (C) partial response (PR) at second follow-up, (D) PR at 20 weeks from start of virotherapy, and (E and F) complete response at 25 and 30 weeks from start of virotherapy. 63

64. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) GUMBORO 64

65. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious disease of young chickens caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) characterized by immunosuppression and mortality generally at 3 to 6 weeks of age. IBDV is a double stranded RNA virus that has a bi-segmented genome and belongs to the genus Avibirnavirus of family Birnaviridae. There are two distinct serotypes of the virus, but only serotype 1 viruses cause disease in poultry. IBDV genome consists of two segments, A and B, which are enclosed within a nonenveloped icosahedral capsid. 65

66. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) The genome segment B (2.9 kb) encodes VP1, the putative viral RNA polymerase. The larger segment A (3.2 kb) encodes viral proteins VP2, VP3, VP4, and VP5. VP2 protein contains important neutralizing antigenic sites and elicits protective immune response and most of the amino acid (AA) changes between antigenically different IBDVs are clustered in the hypervariable region of VP2. The virus is attracted to lymphoid cells and especially those of B-lymphocyte origins. 66

67. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) Young birds at around two to eight weeks of age that have highly active bursa of Fabricius are more susceptible to disease. Birds over eight weeks are resistant to challenge and will not show clinical signs unless infected by highly virulent strains. After ingestion, the virus destroys the lymphoid follicles in the bursa of Fabricius as well as the circulating B-cells in the secondary lyphoid tissues such as GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue), CALT (conjuntiva), BALT (Bronchial) caecal tonsils, Harderian gland. 67

68. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) 68

69. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) 69

70. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) 70

71. FOWL POX 71

72. FOWL POX Fowlpox is a worldwide disease of poultry caused by viruses of the family Poxviridae and the genus Avipoxvirus. There are two forms of the disease. The first is spread by biting insects (especially mosquitoes) and wound contamination and causes lesions on the comb, wattles, and beak. Birds affected by this form usually recover within a few weeks. The second form is spread by inhalation of the virus and causes a diphtheritic membrane to form in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and sometimes the trachea. The prognosis for this form is poor. 72

73. FOWL POX 73

74. FOWL POX 74

75. FOWL POX 75

76. Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) 76

77. Infectious laryngotracheitis  Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus is a herpes virus that causes respiratory disease in chickens.  characterized by severe dyspnea, coughing, and rales.  It can also be a subacute disease with lacrimation, tracheitis, conjunctivitis, and mild rales.  The acute disease is characterized by the clinical signs and by finding blood, mucus, and yellow caseous exudate or a hollow caseous cast in the trachea.  After recovery, some birds remain carriers for extended periods and become a source of infection for susceptible birds. The latent virus can be reactivated under stressful conditions. 77

78. Infectious laryngotracheitis 78

79. Infectious laryngotracheitis 79

80. Infectious bronchitis IB 80

81. Infectious bronchitis Infectious bronchitis is an acute, rapidly spreading, viral disease of chickens. characterized by respiratory signs, decreased egg production, and poor egg quality. Some strains of the causative virus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), are nephropathogenic. The latter strains produce interstitial nephritis resulting in significant mortality. IBV, a coronavirus, is worldwide in distribution and has numerous serotypes. 81

82. Infectious bronchitis IBV is shed by infected chickens in respiratory discharges and feces. The highly contagious virus is spread by airborne droplets, ingestion of contaminated feed and water, and contaminated equipment and clothing of caretakers. Naturally infected chickens and those vaccinated with live IBV may intermittently shed virus for many weeks or even months. Virus infection in layers and breeders occurs cyclically as immunity declines or on exposure to different serotypes. 82

83. 83 Infectious bronchitis

84. 84 Infectious bronchitis

85. 85 Infectious bronchitis

86. 86 Infectious bronchitis

87. 87 Infectious bronchitis

88. Stunting syndrome 88

89. Broiler chicks diseases Unknown etiology Impaired growth Bad feathering Bone abnormalities, Maldigestion and malabsorption 89 Stunting syndrome

90. 90 Stunting syndrome

91. 91 Stunting syndrome

92. Hydropericardium syndrom 92

93. Avian adenoviruses (AAV) in chickens are the etiologic agents of 2 important diseases known as inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and hydropericardium syndrome (HP). Characterized by the hepatitis, pale kidneys and pulmonary edema. Mortality varies from 12-75% 93 Hydropericardium syndrom

94. 94 Hydropericardium syndrom

95. 95 Hydropericardium syndrom

96. 96 Hydropericardium syndrom

97. Marek’s Disease 97

98. Marek's disease is a highly contagious viral neoplastic disease in chickens. It is named after József Marek. An infectious and highly contagious diseases caused by herpesvirus. Characterized by proliferation of lymphoid cells and their aggregation in any part of body but mostely peripheral nerve. 98 Marek’s Disease

99. 99 Marek’s Disease

100. 100 Marek’s Disease

101. 101 Marek’s Disease

102. 102 Marek’s Disease

103. 103 Marek’s Disease

104. 104 Marek’s Disease