1. Module 4 Demand Management Kaan Tuncok Izmir, 2015

2. Risks of fully sectoral approach Sectoral approach Integrated approach  Overlooking negative impacts on environment and other sectors  Inefficient use of resources—natural and financial

3. Risks of fully integrated approach Sectoral approach Integrated approach  Getting mired in complexity.  Not making good use of specialist expertise.

4. Finding a balance Sectoral approach Integrated approach Each country needs to decide where integration makes sense based on its social, political and hydrological situation.

5. 5 What is Water Demand Management? Water demand management (WDM) refers to any socially beneficial action that reduces or modifies average or peak water withdrawals or consumption consistent with protection or enhancement of water quality. WDM can be defined as a strategy to improve efficiency and sustainable use of water resources taking into account economic, social and environmental considerations. WDM corresponds to use of price, quantitative restrictions and other devices to limit the demand of water.

6. 6  Reduces water demands (30% - 50%) with no deterioration in life style or service level.  Significantly reduces capital requirements for expansion of water supply and lowers operating costs (particularly chemicals and energy)  Reduces generation of pollutants, and therefore the requirements for new or expanded wastewater treatment systems.  Facilitates expansion of the coverage of available fund  Enhances the development and adoption of new technologies.  Leads to financially sustainable water systems Benefits of WDM

7. Part B 7 Water demand measures

8. 8 WDM relies upon a range of measures (tools and techniques) which can be divided into  Economic  Socio-political, and  Structural and operational Water Demand Management Measures

9. 9 Economic techniques depend on  Incentives such as rebates, tax credits and  Disincentives such as real cost, penalties, fines Example: Realistic Water Pricing  A direct means of controlling water demand and generating revenues to cover costs  Should be complementary to other measures of water demand management Economic Measures

10. 10  Policies and Laws  Economic policies, government regulations, standards on appliance redesign and marketing: − policy to promote water saving devices − encouraging water savings in industries  Effective public/stakeholder education and awareness measures  Wise use of water; direct restrictions on use Socio-political Measures

11. 11 Structural and operational measures are used to achieve better control over water demand. -metering, retrofitting, controlling flow (rationing) and recycling -reduction of UFW, leakage detection and repair - use of water efficient devices - water use restrictions during periods of water shortages Structural and Operational Measures

12. 12 Approaches for Water Demand Management  Increase system efficiency  Increase end use efficiency  Promoting distributed sources of supply  Substitute resource use  Improve the market on resource usage

13. 13 Demand Management Measures  Increase system efficiency  No change in usage, but change in system operation  Leak detection and repair, pressure reduction  Increase end use efficiency  Less resource use by consumers by using water advertising, education and use of water efficient devices (low volume flush, shower heads, dish washer, washing machine etc)  More efficient watering of public open spaces  Water efficiency in the planning, design and construction of homes and buildings

14. 14 Demand Management Measures  Promoting distributed sources of supply  Provide service via local resource not being used  encourage rainwater use and grey-water reuse  Substitute resource use  Provide same service without resource use  Waterless sanitation, low water- use garden plants and shrubs, plants adapted to local rain fall  Improve the market on resource usage  inform consumers about full cost of resource  full cost pricing, universal metering, information on impact of excessive water use

15. 15  Substantial savings can be achieved and requirement of extension water supply facilities can be avoided or minimised by reducing unaccounted-for water. (specifically leakage detection and control)  By reducing UFW water agency will be in better financial situation and will be stronger position to achieve its financial self-sufficiency and long term sustainability.  A low rate of unaccounted-for water is one of the best overall indicators that a water utility is successful. Reduction and Control of UFW

16. 16 What is Unaccounted-For-Water? Definition Unaccounted-for water (UFW) represents the difference between "net production" (the volume of water delivered into a network) and "consumption" (the volume of water that can be accounted for by legitimate consumption, whether metered or not). UFW = “net production” – “legitimate consumption”

17. 17 Non-Revenue Water Non-revenue water (NRW) represents the difference between the volume of water delivered into a network and billed authorized consumption. NRW = “Net production” – “Revenue water” = UFW + water which is accounted for, but no revenue is collected (unbilled authorized consumption).

18. Components of Unaccounted-For Water Unaccounted-for water Physical loss (Real loss) Commercial loss (Apparent loss) Pipe breaks and leaks Storage overflows House connection leaks Metering Errors Water Theft Billing Anomalies

19. Existing real losses Economic level Unavoidable real losses Improved response time for leak repair Improved system maintenance, replacement, rehabilitation Pressure management and level control More efficient leak detection Four components of an active real loss management program

20. Existing apparent losses Economic level Unavoidable apparent losses Reduction of theft by  Education  Legal action  Prepay measures  Pressure limitation  Flow control Reduction of computer error by  Auditing  Checking  Routine analysis  Upgrade Reduction of human error  Training  Standardizing  Reporting  Auditing Reduction of meter error by  Testing,  Sizing  Replacement Four components of an active apparent loss management program

21. Case studies Part c

22. 22 Limited water resources, importing water from Malaysia Strong emphasis on Water Conservation as well as Management of Water Distribution System Water Demand Management Approach  Keeping unaccounted-for water low  Conservation in customers’ premises  Tariffs and use of economic incentives and disincentives Case Study: Singapore (1)

23.  Keeping unaccounted-for water low - leak detection and repair, mains replacement and rehabilitation, minimising illegal connection  Conservation in customers’ premises - water saving devices, promoting use of other sources (rain water, sea water), encouraging water reuse, consumer education  Tariffs and use of economic incentives and disincentives - rates reviewed periodically, rate structured to encourage conservation -only approved pipe and fittings are allowed to be used in water supply system -water service works are done by licensed workers only Case Study: Singapore (2)

24. 24 Evolution of UFW in Singapore (1989-1999) Source: Yepes (1995); PUB Singapore (2001)

25. Singapore - Volume of Water Sold and Revenues (1994)

26. 26 New South Wales, Australia – Population 70000 Demand management program included the following  Pricing and billing reform  Leakage detection and repair  Rebates & give-aways for water efficient shower heads  Point of sale rebate for front loading washing machines  Discounted residential retrofit  Free water audit for non-residential customers  A water efficient demonstration house and garden  Effluent reuse in a new village  A school education program Case Study: Rous Regional WDM Program

27. 27 Case Study: Brittany, France  A major pilot project in 7 cities of Brittany, France [ Brest, Lorient, Pontivy, Quinter, Rennes, Morlaix (St- Martin-des-Champs) and Vannes ] (total population – 800, 000)  Project activities - Information campaign (users and professionals); - Letters to domestic users; - Tests & installation of various water-saving devices - Investigations of leakage in the public distribution system and in private households.

28. 28 Water Savings in Seven Pilot Cities in Brittany, France Source: Sustainable Water Use in Europe (EEA 2001)

29. 29 Case Study: Decreasing Network Losses in Zurich, Switzerland  Network monitoring and leakage control - Annual inspection of at least 40 % of the network  Regular network flushings & hydrant controls - Around 10,000 hydrants are checked, flushed and repaired biannually.  Periodic area-wise network maintenance -Valves, street surface boxes, signs, etc., are locally inspected, cleaned, made accessible or restored.  Periodic pressure surge measurements and stray current measurements -To maintain the up-to-date situation of performance analysis

30. 30 Decreasing Network Losses in Zurich  Specific water loss decreased from 0.57 m 3 /h/km in 1985 to 0.22 m 3 /h/km in 1995.  Cost of maintenance operation Source: Sustainable Water Use in Europe (EEA 2001)

31. 31 Decreasing Network Losses in Zurich Source: Sustainable Water Use in Europe (EEA 2001)

32. 32  In Boston, impending costs of supplying water to the city led officials to implement a Long Range Water Supply Program (LRWSP) to cut down on water use.  Between 1988 and 1993, LRWSP reduced the average daily demand for water from 1.2 million to 0.9 million m 3.  The program focused on -detecting and repairing leaks, metering, retrofitting showerheads and toilets with more efficient technologies, protecting water sources from pollution, and building support for the program among city, residents through outreach and education.  These reductions eliminated the need to develop new supplies -- saving hundreds of millions of dollars--and thewater system is operating within its safe yield for the first time in 20 years (40). Case study – WDM in Boston, USA

33. WEI > 80% strains on water resources are very severe. WEI 60–80% major risks of structural strain in the medium term. WEI 20–60% may experience local or cyclical strains.

34. 34 Plan Bleu proposed an alternative scenario based on establishing following voluntary policies: Improve water resource management, storage and protection through pollution prevention, increasing the exploitable potential, improving soil and water conservation practices, and increasing the use of artificial replenishment of groundwater in arid areas; Ensure economical and effective use of water by setting up Water Demand Management (WDM) strategies and policies backed by the necessary technical, economic, and regulatory tools; and Developing appropriate institutional capacity through awareness- raising and training. better integration of environment and development on a voluntary basis

35. 35 Sector water demands at the Mediterranean countries level: trends and alternative scenarios

36. 36 Total demand for water: trends and alternative scenarios (2000–2025)

37. 37 Tools of agricultural WDM deployed in the Mediterranean - Institutional framework - Coherent strategic framework - Essential to co-ordinate action and to make a firm commitment, monitored in the long term Technical tools Improve canal streamflow processes; Improve efficiency of irrigation methods; Reduce vulnerability of agronomical models and land use systems; Improve cultivated species; Revise crop management and intervals between harvesting and planting; Choice of crops and optimisation of rotation; Use of irrigation as a back-up; Irrigation planning and management tools. Tools of planning and co- ordination Devolved units of management (basin agencies); User and irrigator associations; NTIC (water management support software for an irrigated area). Tools of training and awareness raising Campaigns to raise awareness of farmers and the general public; Agricultural advisory service; Training of agricultural professionals, technicians and engineers. Regulation and offtake control Economic incentives to save water Pricing; Quotas; Forms of financial assistance (subsidies, assisted loans); Fees; Delink aid from CAP; Agri-environmental measures; Cross-compliance.

38. 38 Examples of technologies and water saving Industrial sectorsExamples of technologies which facilitate water saving Paper millsRecycling some of the process water (alkaline) from the bleaching unit; Collection and recycling of clean cooling water; Operating certain cooling circuits as closed circuits; Recycling water in the ground wood pulping unit; Partial recycling of water after biological processing, etc. SteelworksRecycling as much process and cooling water as possible; Operating a closed circuit for wash water. Agri-foods and dairy industry Use of analytical measurement and control methods to limit water wastage; Use flow-rate limiters for cleaning operations; Limiting contact between water and food/dairy matter.

39. 39 Economic tools and water saving incentives for irrigation Type of toolDegree of incentive to save water PricingTool prioritises recovery of water utility costs, but may lend an incentive to water saving. Incentive varies according to tariff structure and price level QuotasSet a consumption limit which cannot be exceeded, without encouraging water saving within the quota limit, unless some special arrangement exists. Financial aid (subsidies, loans on easy terms) Incentives to save water and prevent wastage, through aid in acquiring modern irrigation systems, which save more water, and planting drought-tolerant crops, etc. Agri- environmental measures (AEM) AEMs signal a shortage of the resource in the targeted territories. Voluntary measures. Little impact if not taken collectively at catchment level.

40. 40 Typology of adaptation strategies in the water sector Type of strategySample measures (including WDM) Accept the risks and losses (do nothing) Some coastal aquifers, wetlands or areas of rain-fed agriculture disappear; Minor areas of flooding or erosion near rivers. Spread risks and losses Set up systems of insurance and mutualisation of the financial risks of weather and water risks; Diversify sources of drinking water supply. Anticipate and forestall the effects: technology and infrastructure (hard) Increase impoundment capacity; Increase transfers between basins; Implement programmes to make usage more efficient*; Develop systems for reusing wastewater and desalination systems; Improve the efficiency of irrigation, drinking water supply and sewage systems; Modify the size of infrastructure and built works (raise the heights of dams and dykes, modify river transport infrastructure etc.); Build flood-resistant buildings.

41. 41 Typology of adaptation strategies in the water sector Type of strategySample measures (including WDM) Anticipate and forestall the effects: political, regulatory and institutional responses (soft) Drought management plans; Programme financial incentives to save irrigation water*; Modify standard sizes and operating rules for built works; Rationing; Standards; Adopt new methods of decision-making, incorporating management of uncertainties. Change/reorganise uses and activities Reallocate the resource towards uses which add more value; Introduce drought-resistant/less thirsty crops; Shift businesses and dwellings away from areas prone to flooding; Improve watch and alert systems. Research and exploitation of climate information Improve capacities for seasonal, annual and ten-yearly modelling and weather forecasting; Develop aids to decision-making and improve risk assessment methods at basin and sub-basin level (couple climate and hydro models); Define suitable indicators of vulnerability and adaptation; Set up early warning systems; Facilitate production and provision of climate data to decision-makers, technical departments and the general public.

42. 42 1. Environmental agency UK – Save water www.environment-agency.gov.uk 2.Conserve Water – Melbourne Water Australia http://conservewater.melbournewater.com.au 3. Water Efficiency Clearing House - AWWA www.waterwiser.org 4.USEPA – Water Use Efficiency Program www.epa.gov/owm/water-efficiency/ 5.Environment Canada www.ec.gc.ca/water/en/manage/effic/e_weff.htm 6.Public Utilities Board http://www.pub.gov.sg 7.Water Demand Management Forum http://www.idrc.ca/waterdemand/ Web Resources on Water Conservation