1. SSS8 - Chile 2012 Time use and movement behaviour of young people in cities The application of GPS tracking in tracing movement pattern of young people for a week in Aalborg The Aalborg Case Thank you very much for the possibility to participate in the SSS8 Thank you for the critique to our paper/presentation Thank you for placing the presentation in this session A special thank you to Akkelies Van Ness, Delft University of Technology, Who introduced us to the magnifying world of Space Syntax Analyses And to Margarita Greene Z. and José Reyes S. from the SSS8 Organizing Committee for answering our e-mails

2. Diverse Urban Spaces Our research profile Research group located at Aalborg University’s Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology in Denmark 6 members Employees with various academic backgrounds, ph.d.’s, post doc., architects, surveyors, sociologists, student assistants etc. Our research work Studies of mobility among different population groups across varying scales in both indoor and outdoor environments Examples of our research Analyses of how citizens/humans in an urban environment make use of over parks / plazas / central city areas e.g. – GIS/GPS mapping of the everyday movement and time consumption patterns of 300 high school students (2007), 200 Bicyclists (2011), and 400 individual respondents in around 100 families (2011)

3. Motivation for applying Space Syntax on GPS data All our projects – especially our flagship project ”Diverse Urban Spaces” – result in very rich GPS data sources describing actual movement and behaviour, compare to others types of datasamples Akkelies Van Ness, Delft University of Technology, provided a series of Space Syntax analyses of Aalborg City’s road and path network Two data sources depicting the infrastructure (the space syntax data and the GPS data) Comparison in order to evaluate theory versus practice and as such the quality of the Space Syntax method Ratti, C. 2004b, "Space syntax: some inconsistencies", Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol. 31, pp. 487-499.

4. Diverse Urban Spaces in a nutshell A grand research project involving over 300 young people attending high school or equevalent level of education in Aalborg Denmark who were tracked in 7 days Research objective: To study how the city og Aalborg is used by this particular segment of respondents Technical setup was twofold: Each respondent had to carry a hand-held GPS-receiver throughout a week After each survey day, the respondent was tasked with filling out a trip diary Motivation for continuous participation was daily and weekly lotteries with cash prizes

5. Technical setup Case Data cleansing And preparation Server / databaseData gathering GIS analyses

6. In the Aalborg Case we used a subsample of data from 169 statistical verified respondents tracked 24 hours in 7 days from the 300 respondents Example of output analysis - Accumulated time consumption Central city area in Aalborg, Denmark Urban life ??

7. Overall - Space syntax analyses Conducted by Akkelies Van Ness, Delft University of Technology Different analyses using varying settings High metrical radius highlights main transportation corridors Low metrical radius highlights local city centres Output stems with reality (with exceptions) for Aalborg, cf. next slide Main transportation corridors Vesterbro, Hobrovej, Sønderbro, Østre Allé get highlighted Pedestrian areas in Aalborg and Nørresundby get highlighted Some noise in both analyses

8. Overall - Space syntax analyses Global integration – high metrical radius Map uses in the analyses Local integration – low metrical radius

9. Time consumption of men. Time consumption of woman.

10. Put the two together The analyses depicting the global integration was chosen for the comparison The reason for using this analysis is that the dataset containing mobility and time consumption involves the entire urban area Time accumulation Maps - The largest time was spent in the various shopping areas in Aalborg in the central city area. Secondly, some high amount of time was spent on the various main routes leading through and between urban areas. Woman spent more time in central shopping areas

11. Overall - Comparison method Founded on an assumption of positive linear correlation between a road segment’s rank as classified by the space syntax analysis and the accumulated time consumption on streets created by the respondents in the Diverse Urban Spaces project ”Home-spun” procedure involving 3 steps

12. Comparison method, step 1 10 categories of time consumption levels are calculated, corresponding to the 10 space syntax classification levels. Time consumption categories are yielded as quantile values based on the time consumption data

13. Overall - Comparison method, step 2 Each observation of accumulated time which spatially intersects a given road segment is selected A mean value of accumulated time consumption for the road segment is calculated based on the values of the selected observations

14. Comparison method, step 3 The mean value (µ) is evaluated against the quantile values corresponding to the the space syntax classification If µ matches the quantile values, coherence is attained Space syntax class Coherence at (strict rule) Coherence at (loose rule) 10µ < q 1 µ < q 2 9q 1 < µ < q 2 µ < q 3 8q 2 < µ < q 3 q 1 < µ < q 4 7q 3 < µ < q 4 q 2 < µ < q 5 6q 4 < µ < q 5 q 3 < µ < q 6 5q 5 < µ < q 6 q 4 < µ < q 7 4q 6 < µ < q 7 q 5 < µ < q 8 3q 7 < µ < q 8 q 6 < µ < q 9 2q 8 < µ < q 9 q 7 < µ 1q 9 < µq 8 < µ

15. Overall Men/Women - Results, strict coherence rule MenWomen

16. Results, strict coherence rule Generally only coherence along the main transportation corridors There is coherence between time spent and space syntax classification, when the mean value of the selected squares is compared with the expected time consumption for the polyline based on the classification. The expected value is derived by yielding 9 quantile values (q) which divide the time consumption registration dataset into 10 approximately evenly distributed groups.

17. Results, loose coherence rule MenWomen

18. Results, loose coherence rule A greater degree of coherence in suburban areas as well as some parts of the city centres in addition to the main transportation corridors A close-up view of the main pedestrian areas shows lack of coherence between space syntax classification and time consumption The coherence rule is loosened slightly in the sense that coherence is achieved if the mean value resides within a buffer of ± 1 quantile of the expected time consumption value. I.e., coherence is reached for the space syntax class 5 at q 4 < µ < q 7 instead of q 5 < µ < q 6.

19. Still lack of coherence in the main pedestrian in the central City areas for men and woman

20. Results, overall statistics Occurrences of coherence Occurrences of lack of coherence Coherence-ratio Women, strict rule 6374,42910.86 % Men, strict rule6254,46110.65 % Women, loose rule 1,9723,09433.62 % Men, loose rule1,9163,17032.67 % Number of road segments5865 WomenMen Non-visited road segments 799779 Number of squares14,89115,625 Accumulated time consumption 15,125,711 seconds18,838,688 seconds

21. Evaluation and conclusions High school students in Aalborg also travel frequently along main - transportation corridors There is no coherence between space syntax classification and actual time spendure in the main pedestrian areas in the central City area.Most likely because the used Space Syntax analysis in this cases uses a high metrical radius which doesn’t highlight road segments with a high local integration but this will change when using a more loose coherence rule and maybe low metrical radius in the Space Syntax analysis. The lack of coherence is a natural consequence when the space syntax analysis is executed with a high metrical radius. As such, the northernmost shopping districts have a classification which is too low to attain coherence with the massive time consumption registered in these areas. If the space syntax classification is mapped on top of the time consumption dataset, this assumption becomes more reliable.

22. What can be done to adjust Space Syntax to GPS data One of the points of criticism of the space syntax method was a lack of the metrical properties in their analyses (Ratti 2004). Now it is incorporated in the calculations. As research results show, the geometrical and topological distances correspond with the pedestrian and vehicle flow rates and the location pattern of shops more than the metrical distances. However, when applying metrical radiuses in the angular and axial analyses, some striking results can be seen. Streets with high integration values with a high metrical radius tend to be the potential routes for through movement. Conversely, streets with high integration values with a low metrical radius tend to be potential meeting places for the neighbourhood. When comparing these two analyses with one another, the most vital urban areas tend to be where streets have high integration values with both high and low metrical radiuses. (van Nes, Berghauser-Pont, Maschoodi, 2011).

23. Further work Conduct the comparison using a better scientific founded method such as Linear Regression instead of the “homespun” method Conduct the comparison for centre areas using the Space Syntax analysis with a low metrical radius – will most likely lead to a higher comparison rate Conduct the comparison based on amount of trips and not accumulated time Define what urban life is..

24. Thank you for your attention Any questions?