1. Fuel Induction Systems for SI Engines
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
The Pace of Net Heat Addition Influence the Area of the Engine Cycle …..

2. Induction of Fuel in SI Engine
The task of the engine induction and fuel systems is to prepare from ambient air and fuel in the tank an air-fuel mixture that satisfies the requirement of the engine.
This preparation is to be carried out over entire engine operating regime.
In principle, the optimum air-fuel ratio for an engine is that which give the required power output with the lowest fuel consumption.
It should also ensure smooth and reliable operation.
The fuel Induction systems for SI engine are classified as:
Carburetors.
Throttle body Fuel Injection Systems.
Multi Point Fuel Injection Systems.

3. The Carburetor: A Natural Fuel Induction System1

4. Isentropic Flow Through A Venturi

6. pthroat
p1 > p2s > pthroat p1 p1
p2s p

7. Real Flow Through A Venturi
pthroat p1
p2a <p2s p1
p2a p

8. Practical Carburetor Venturi

9. Fuel Flow Through Orifice
Real Air Flow Through Venturi
Where
Fuel Flow Through Orifice

10. Carburetor Performance

11. Carburetor Performance

12. Carburetor Performance

13. Control of Equivalence Ratio using Carburetor

14. Modern Carburetor

15. Artificial Induction of Fuel
The fuel-injection systems for conventional spark-ignition engines inject the fuel.
There are both mechanical and electronically controlled injection systems.
Better volumetric efficiency
More uniform fuel distribution
More rapid response to changes in loading conditions
More precise control of the equivalence ratio.

16. Standard Gasoline Injectors

17. Anatomy of EFI

18. Serviceable Parts of A EFI

19. Filters for EFI

20. Overview of Electronic Fuel Injection System

21. Merits of Fuel Injection in the SI Engine
Absence of Venturi – No Restriction in Air Flow/Higher Vol. Eff./Torque/Power
Hot Spots for Preheating cold air eliminated/Denser air enters
Manifold Branch Pipes Not concerned with Mixture Preparation (MPI)
Better Acceleration Response (MPI)
Fuel Atomization Generally Improved.
Use of Greater Valve Overlap
Use of Sensors to Monitor Operating Parameters/Gives Accurate Matching of Air/fuel Requirements: Improves Power, Reduces fuel consumption and Emissions
Precise in Metering Fuel in Ports
Precise Fuel Distribution Between Cylinders (MPI

22. Merits (Continued)
Fuel Transportation in Manifold not required (MPI) so no Wall Wetting
Fuel Surge During Fast Cornering or Heavy Braking Eliminated
Adaptable and Suitable For Supercharging (SPI and MPI)
Increased power and torque.

23. Port Fuel Injection System

24. Modeling of Fuel injection
The models needs to predict the spray process,
the distribution and evaporation of droplets and
the fuel layer formation and transmission in the port.
The governing equations of motion and droplet evaporation are used to develop a model.
The rate of evaporation of liquid fuel is calculated by first determining the fuel mean drop diameter (SMD) and characteristic evaporation time τeva according below equation:
where ml is the liquid fuel
mv is the mass of the fuel vapor.
eva is time factor

25. Time Factor
Time factor calculated based on the energy balance between the surrounding air and the liquid droplet and the assumption that the heat transferred is a fraction of the available energy.
The size of droplet and its energy will decide the rate of evaporation.

26. Droplet Size Distribution
The droplet size distribution in sprays is the crucial parameter needed for the fundamental analysis of the transport of mass, momentum and heat in evaporation. Engineering
Parameter determines the quality of the spray and consequently influences to a significant extent the processes of emissions in combustion.
Detailed experimental data is used to develop distribution functions.
To obtain the detailed quantitative information of the sprays, a two-component Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) is used.
This performs the simultaneous measurements of the droplet velocity and size and the volume flux.

27. Measurement of Quality of Injection

28. Diagnosis of EFI Health : Quantity of Injection

29. The Spay Pattern Generated by an Injector

30. Instability of Fluid Ligament in Ambient Air

31. Mean diameter distribution of droplets (micron) in 100 mm downstream and 300 Kpa, 25o C

32. Distribution of droplets velocity (m/s) in 100 mm downstream and 300 Kpa, 25o C

33. Frequency diagram of droplets mean diameter
D is the droplet diameter and
N is the normalized number
distribution.

34. Physical Models for Spray Characterization
Entropy of a group of droplets:
where S is the information entropy, the name used when the information concept is applied to problems in physics and engineering.
In this equation K is a constant and Pi is the probability of the occurrence of a certain result, in terms of number fraction.
Maximum feasible entropy corresponding to physical conditions will decide the droplet distribution.

35. Physical Constraints
The following physical and mathematical constraints must be obeyed:
The sum of all probabilities must be unity:
(ii) the mass flow of sprayed liquid must be equal to the
mass of all droplets produced per unit time:
where n is the total number of droplets produced per unit
time and mL is the liquid mass flux.