1. Chapter 3 The Human Body a Nutrition perspective

2. OUTLINE Exchange of Nutrients – using the Body’s Systems How is the Body Organized The Digestive System/ Nutrient Absorption Nutrition/digestion related Diseases and Ailments

3. Body Organization Cells form Tissues Cells form Tissues Tissues form Organs Tissues form Organs Organs form Systems (e.g., digestive) Organs form Systems (e.g., digestive)

4. 1. Start

5. Cell Processes Constant turnover of substances Constant turnover of substances Require energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Require energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Require nutrients Require nutrients Confirming your knowledge What is the structure of ATP?

6. Cell Membrane Double layers of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein Double layers of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein Controls passage of Controls passage of substances substances Distinct identification Distinct identification structures structures (i.e. what can go in/out) Likes Water (polar) Fears Water (non polar)

8. Organelles Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Mitochondria — Power plant Mitochondria — Power plant –Major site for energy production: ATP (respiration) Endoplasmic reticulum — Communication network Endoplasmic reticulum — Communication network –Rough endoplasmic reticulum - protein synthesis –Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - fat synthesis

9. Organelles Golgi Complex Golgi Complex –Packaging site for protein Lysosomes Lysosomes –Cell’s digestive system Peroxisomes Peroxisomes –Detoxify harmful chemicals

11. Challenge Question What Organelle is responsible for Major What Organelle is responsible for Major Energy Production (i.e. ATP Production)? Mitochondria

12. Nucleus Double membrane Double membrane Genetic material DNA (your genes) Genetic material DNA (your genes) Directs protein synthesis and cell division Directs protein synthesis and cell division Affected by hormones (birth control pills, steroids, etc.) Affected by hormones (birth control pills, steroids, etc.)

13. What are the Four Types of Tissues? Epithelial Epithelial –Lines the outside surfaces and external passages Connective Connective –Holds structures together Muscle Muscle –Contracts to cause movement Nervous Nervous –Transports nerve impulses

14. OUTLINE Exchange of Nutrients – using the Body’s Systems How is the Body Organized The Digestive System/ Nutrient Absorption Nutrition/digestion related Diseases and Ailments

15. Exchange of Nutrients

16. Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Heart and blood vessels Heart and blood vessels Blood Blood Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary circulation Systemic circuit Systemic circuit Lymphatic system Lymphatic system

17. Cardiovascular System & Blood Circulation

18. Capillary and Lymph Vessels

19. Nervous System Regulatory system Regulatory system Central Nervous System Central Nervous System –Brain and the spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System –Branches out to organs Basic unit is Neuron Basic unit is Neuron –Responds to electrical and chemical signals

20. Transmission cortisol Mobilizes fat (lipolysis) & protein breakdown dopamine

21. Sending Signals Change in sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentration Change in sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentration Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter –Secretion of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, cortisol Dependent on nutrient supply Dependent on nutrient supply –Potassium (K) levels usually low  signal transduction may be impaired

22. Endocrine System (Endocrinology) Secretes regulatory substances (hormones) Secretes regulatory substances (hormones) Target cells with receptor proteins Target cells with receptor proteins Body’s messenger Body’s messenger Insulin Insulin Thyroid hormones Thyroid hormones

23. Click on Icon to see video about hormones “Open with” Internet Explorer or Firefox or your webprovider etc. “Open with” Internet Explorer or Firefox or your webprovider etc.

24. Immune System We are Under Constant Attack! Your immune system is there to help you out (fight back) Help your Immune System – Help you! Live Longer ~ Feel Better

25. The Skin Continuous barrier Continuous barrier –Can show Effects of nutritional deficiencies Lysozyme Lysozyme Challenge Question- What are some nutritional deficiencies manifested in skin? Heme groupHemoglobin (Hb) Dehydration – water, dry skin Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs) e.g. linoleic, linolenic acid) Babies mostly deficient, scaly, dermatitis Fe deficiency (little color- anemia) Poor O 2 transport  subpar cell metabolism

26. Green Blood? Notable cases Notable cases On June 8, 2007, Canadian anesthesiologists Dr. Stephan Schwarz, Dr. Giuseppe Del Vicario, and Dr. Alana Flexman presented an unusual case in The Lancet.[2] A 42-year-old male patient was brought into Vancouver's St. Paul's Hospital after falling asleep in a sitting position. When doctors drew the man's blood during surgery to relieve pressure from his legs, the blood was green. A sample of the blood was immediately sent to a lab. In this case, sulfhemoglobinaemia was possibly caused by the patient taking higher-than-prescribed doses of sumatriptan On June 8, 2007, Canadian anesthesiologists Dr. Stephan Schwarz, Dr. Giuseppe Del Vicario, and Dr. Alana Flexman presented an unusual case in The Lancet.[2] A 42-year-old male patient was brought into Vancouver's St. Paul's Hospital after falling asleep in a sitting position. When doctors drew the man's blood during surgery to relieve pressure from his legs, the blood was green. A sample of the blood was immediately sent to a lab. In this case, sulfhemoglobinaemia was possibly caused by the patient taking higher-than-prescribed doses of sumatriptanThe Lancet[2]The Lancet[2] Sumatriptan (trade names Imitrex, Sumatriptan (trade names Imitrex,

27. The Intestinal Cells Barrier to invading microbes Barrier to invading microbes Immunoglobulins Immunoglobulins Muscosal membrane Muscosal membrane Effects of nutritional deficiency Effects of nutritional deficiency

28. White Blood Cells Attack microorganisms Attack microorganisms Phagocytes Phagocytes Cell-mediated immunity Cell-mediated immunity –Antibodies –Antibody-antigen response –Template (memory) made  Food allergy

29. OUTLINE Exchange of Nutrients – using the Body’s Systems How is the Body Organized The Digestive System/ Nutrient Absorption Nutrition/digestion related Diseases and Ailments

30. The Digestive System

31. Click on Icon to see video about digestion “Open with” Internet Explorer or Firefox or your webprovider etc. “Open with” Internet Explorer or Firefox or your webprovider etc.

32. Physiology of the Stomach

33. Stomach Acid Destroys activity of protein Destroys activity of protein Activates digestive enzymes Activates digestive enzymes Partially digests dietary protein Partially digests dietary protein Assists in calcium absorption Assists in calcium absorption Makes dietary minerals soluble for absorption Makes dietary minerals soluble for absorption

34. The Small Intestine

35. Nutrient Absorption 1. Passive absorption 1. Passive absorption 2. Facilitated absorption 2. Facilitated absorption 3. Active absorption 3. Active absorption 4. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis 4. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

36. The Large Intestine Indigestible food stuff Indigestible food stuff No villi or enzymes No villi or enzymes Mucus-producing cells Mucus-producing cells Absorption of water, some minerals, vitamins Absorption of water, some minerals, vitamins Bacteria Bacteria Elimination Elimination

38. Confirming your knowledge - break Where does digestion begin? Where does digestion begin? Movement of food throughout the digestive system by smooth muscles is known as? Movement of food throughout the digestive system by smooth muscles is known as? Which organ is the major cite of nutrient absorption? Which organ is the major cite of nutrient absorption? Which organ absorbs mainly Water and salts ? Which organ absorbs mainly Water and salts ? Mouth (salivary amylase) peristalsis Small intestine Large intestine

39. Accessory Organs Pancreas Pancreas Gallbladder Gallbladder Liver Liver

40. The Liver What does it make? What does it make?- The Gallbladder Bile is stored in the Gallbladder until released to process fats etc. -Bile Acids – What does Bile acids Do? emulsify fats – fat digestion LIVER - Removes toxins: medicines, Alcohol, etc. Cholic acid (a bile acid)

41. The Pancreas Digestive enzymes Digestive enzymes Hormones Hormones –Glucagon and insulin (sugar metabolism) –Maintains normal sugar levels... Pancreatic juices Pancreatic juices –Bicarbonate (buffering system) maintains acidity, basicity in blood, pH ~ 7.2

42. The Urinary System Kidneys Kidneys Ureter Ureter Bladder Bladder Urethra Urethra Waste products Waste products Blood Blood –acid-base balance (pH)

43. Click on Icon to see video about Kidney Filtration “Open with” Internet Explorer or Firefox or your webprovider etc. “Open with” Internet Explorer or Firefox or your webprovider etc.

44. Challenge Questions What is this molecule and how is it related to dehydration? What common substance inhibits this molecules performance? Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) aka ~ Vassopressin Ethanol Inhibits pituitary secretion of ADH

45. OUTLINE Exchange of Nutrients – using the Body’s Systems How is the Body Organized The Digestive System/ Nutrient Absorption Nutrition/digestion related Diseases and Ailments

46. Genetics Nutrigenomics Nutrigenomics Nutritional Diseases with a genetic link Nutritional Diseases with a genetic link –Cardiovascular disease (Cholesterol) –Hypertension –Obesity (leptin gherlin levels) –Diabetes –Cancer –Osteoporosis

47. Common Problems with Digestion Ulcers Ulcers Heartburn Heartburn Constipation Constipation Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids Irritable Bowel Syndrome Irritable Bowel Syndrome Diarrhea Diarrhea Gallstones Gallstones

48. Ulcers Can occur in esophagus, stomach and small intestine Can occur in esophagus, stomach and small intestine What is the most common Cause of Ulcers? What is the most common Cause of Ulcers? Yanaka et al., Dietary Sulforaphane-Rich Broccoli Sprouts Reduce Colonization and Attenuate Gastritis in Helicobacter pylori– Infected Mice and Humans. 2009, Cancer Prevention Research, 2, 353 –Heliobacter pylori (bacteria)

49. Heartburn Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

50. Constipation Difficult or infrequent evacuation Difficult or infrequent evacuation Causes Causes –Ignoring normal urges –Muscle spasms –Certain medications Treatment Treatment –Dietary fiber –Fluids –Regular physical activity

51. Laxatives Irritate the intestinal nerve Irritate the intestinal nerve Draw water into the intestine Draw water into the intestine Regular use is harmful Regular use is harmful THEME : GO Natural - eat more Fibrous FOods!

52. Hemorrhoids (piles) Swollen veins of the rectum and anus Swollen veins of the rectum and anus Intense pressure and straining Intense pressure and straining Dietary recommendation: Dietary recommendation: –Fiber and fluid

53. Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms Symptoms –Cramps, bloating, increased frequency, diarrhea, constipation Causes Causes –Altered intestinal peristalsis –Decreased pain threshold Individualized treatment Individualized treatment –Elimination diet –Moderate caffeine –Low-fat, small, frequent meals –Stress reduction

54. Diarrhea Fluidity and frequency Fluidity and frequency Causes Causes –Infections (anti-biotics) – Lactobacillus rudii –Poorly absorbed substances Treatment: Treatment: –Plenty of fluid

55. Gallstones Symptoms Symptoms –Upper right abdominal pain, gas, bloating, nausea and vomiting bloating, nausea and vomiting –Causes: Genetics, high fat/cholesterol diet Treatment Treatment –Removal of gallbladder –sonication Whose at risk: people who have relatives with gallstones obese people people with a high blood cholesterol level.blood cholesterol level women who take drugs containing estrogen, e.g. contraceptive pillscontraceptive pills chronic intestinal inflammation (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis).Crohn's diseaseulcerative colitis

56. Reminder – Diet Analysis (3 days) Due Friday Diet Analysis (3 days) Due Friday -assignment on Website - PBS Video (75 min) - Lecture 3: Energy balance Weight Management Energy balance Weight Management (Fit or Fat-Covert Bailey) (Fit or Fat-Covert Bailey) Answer 3 Qs – see website/email Answer 3 Qs – see website/email Attendance ~ reward (5 pts)... - Lets watch & Adjourn